Researcher Profile - Shingo Hattori

All information, except for affiliations, is reprinted from the information registered on researchmap.

写真a

Shingo Hattori

Organization

School of Science Department of Science Assistant Professor

External link

Degree

Ph.D. ( The University of Tokyo )

Research Interests

Coordination Chemistry
Photochemistry

Research Areas

Nanotechnology/Materials / Inorganic/coordination chemistry

Education

The University of Tokyo Doctoral Degree

- 2017

　 More details

researchmap
The University of Tokyo Master's Degree

- 2014

　 More details

researchmap
The University of Electro-Communications Bachelor's Degree

- 2012

　 More details

researchmap

Research History

Yokohama City University Assistant Professor

2019

　 More details

researchmap
University of Leuven Researcher

2018

　 More details

researchmap
The University of Tokyo Researcher

2017

　 More details

researchmap

Professional Memberships

Japan Society of Coordination Chemistry

　 More details

researchmap
The Japanese Photochemistry Association

　 More details

researchmap
The Chemical Society of Japan

　 More details

researchmap

Papers

Recent Advances in Luminescence of Platinum Complexes in the Near Infrared Second Window Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki

ChemPhotoChem 9 ( 6 ) e202500041 2025

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

The near infrared (NIR) optical window enables to observe biological tissue noninvasively through photoimaging using luminophores. Particularly, the light in the NIR II region of 1000–1400 nm between strong absorption bands of H2O and tissue chromophores is advantageous for photoimaging and phototherapies of deep tissue. Pt complexes possessing the high emission ability and the luminescence tunability are expected to be luminophores for deep imaging and photosensitizers of photodynamic therapy. Herein, the NIR II emission from Pt complexes designed by the strategy of the extension of ligand π conjugation and the aggregation by the Pt–Pt interaction from recent works is reviewed.

DOI： 10.1002/cptc.202500041

researchmap
Front Cover: Recent Advances in Luminescence of Platinum Complexes in the Near Infrared Second Window Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki

ChemPhotoChem 9 ( 6 ) e202580601 2025

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

DOI： 10.1002/cptc.202580601

researchmap
Visualization of trap distribution in SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ revealed by simulations of luminescence changes in charging and emission of persistent luminescence and thermoluminescence based on a random walk model Reviewed International journal

Ryusuke Koizumi, Ryoya Takahashi, Shigeki Yamada, Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 27 ( 30 ) 15850 - 15857 2025

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

A stochastic analysis using a random walk model can be used to visualize a potential energy diagram of electron traps involving persistent luminescence of SrAl2O4:Eu+,Dy3+.

DOI： 10.1039/d5cp01232e

researchmap
Lamellar‐Cleavage‐Induced Triboluminescence in Discrete Chiral Complexes with Lanthanides Reviewed International journal

Reo Ohno, Akira Saso, Yukina Yamamoto, Daisuke Hayauchi, Hitomi Ohmagari, Daisuke Saito, Shingo Hattori, Chika Nishimoto, Naofumi Nakayama, Ken Nakano, Suguru Ito, Shogo Kawaguchi, Masako Kato, Kazuyuki Ishii, Miki Hasegawa

Chemistry – A European Journal 31 e202502824 2025

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

Triboluminescence (TL), which is the light emission induced by mechanical stimuli, has attracted significant interest owing to its potential for energy conversion applications. Here, the TL mechanisms of chiral lanthanide complexes (LnL val , Ln = Eu, Tb, Sm, Dy, and Gd) were elucidated by focusing on the role of lamellar cleavage of the crystal structure. The modified drop tower system (DTS) quantifies mechanical stimuli used to observe the TL spectra. Chiral EuL val and TbL val exhibit intense TL, in contrast to the absence of TL in their racemic counterparts. Structural analyses revealed lamella‐like molecular stacking in the chiral crystals with anisotropic molecular orientations and flexibility along the c ‐axis. TL was reversibly observed by recrystallization when the crystal size was sufficiently large. Comparison of the TL and photoluminescence (PL) spectra, showed that TL of chiral LnL val was enhanced through photo‐antenna effects by the impact of lamellar cleavage. The TL values of the chiral Dy and Sm complexes were also evaluated. Furthermore, the absence of chemical reaction of the two nitrate ions with neighboring molecules in the lamella was confirmed. This system suggests the importance of the lamellar arrangement and provides potential design strategies for mechano‐responsive materials for TL activation of Ln complexes.

DOI： 10.1002/chem.202502824

researchmap
Circularly Polarized Phosphorescence Properties of Binuclear Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes Bearing Axially Chiral Schiff-Base Ligands Reviewed International journal

Masahiro Ikeshita, Itsuki Shimizu, Shinya Watanabe, Tomoki Yamada, Seika Suzuki, Shota Tanaka, Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki, Yoshitane Imai, Takashi Tsuno

Inorganic Chemistry 63 ( 50 ) 23642 - 23650 2024

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)

DOI： 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03675

researchmap
Cover Feature: Sequential H/D Exchanges Resulting from Rollover‐Cyclometallation during Photoirradiation of Rhodium(III) Complex in Methanol‐d4 Reviewed International journal

Shota Tanaka, Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Chemistry – A European Journal 30 ( 63 ) e202486303 2024

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

DOI： 10.1002/chem.202486303

researchmap
Sequential H/D Exchanges Resulting from Rollover‐Cyclometallation during Photoirradiation of Rhodium(III) Complex in Methanol‐d4 Reviewed International journal

Shota Tanaka, Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Chemistry – A European Journal 30 ( 63 ) e202402067 2024

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

We present the photoreaction of newly prepared bis(6,6’‐dimethyl‐2,2’‐bipyridine)(oxalato)rhodium(III) ([Rh(N N)2(ox)]+) in CD3OD. Photoirradiation of this complex causes the dissociation of ox, followed by the formation of the unprecedented Rh(III) complex with Rh−H and Rh−C σ bonds, [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ (C N=[6,6’‐dimethyl‐2,2’‐bipyridine]‐3‐yl‐κC3,κN1’). This hydride formation and cyclometallation spontaneously proceed owing to the conflict between the steric hindrance arising from the methyl groups of N N and the driving force for the structural change due to [Rh(N N)2]+ formation. Although [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ is initially converted to [Rh(N N)2]+ by photoirradiation, it is immediately regenerated by the rollover cyclometallation of the [Rh(N N)2]+ complex. [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ undergoes H/D exchange for the H atoms in the Rh−H bond and at the 3, 3’‐positions of the N N ligand during the photoirradiation. DFT calculations predict with reasonable certainty the spontaneous structural change of [Rh(N N)2]+ to [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ and the subsequent photodriven Rh−C bond rupture leading to the formation of [Rh(N N)2]+ accompanied by H/D exchange reactions.

DOI： 10.1002/chem.202402067

researchmap
Assembling of a Water‐Soluble N^C^N‐Coordinated Pt(II) Complex Aggregate Assisted by Carbon Dioxide in Basic Aqueous Solution Reviewed International journal

Hiroyuki Mita, Shingo Hattori, Toshiyuki Sasaki, Satoshi Takamizawa, Kazuteru Shinozaki

ChemSusChem 17 ( 2 ) e202301174 2024

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

We report an unprecedented result of self‐aggregation of [Pt(L1)Cl] (HL1=1,3‐di(5‐carboxy‐2‐pyridyl)benzene) triggered by CO2 in basic aqueous solution. The color of basic aqueous solution containing [Pt(L1)Cl] changes from yellow to blue‐green during the aggregation resulted from a reaction with CO2 in air. Upon CO2 gas bubbling, strong and broad absorption bands of aggregate assigned to the metal‐metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer transition appeared at 701 and 1152 nm. Recrystallization of [Pt(L1)Cl] from Na2CO3 aqueous solution afforded polymorphic crystals of red and blue‐green forms. A single X‐ray crystallography revealed that the red form of crystal consists of a Pt−Pt stacked dimer bridged by CO32− ion and one of the carboxy groups of L1 is deprotonated. An elemental analysis provided evidence that the blue‐green crystal is constructed by linear array consisting of the [Pt(L2)(CO3)]3− (HL2=1,3‐di(5‐carboxylate‐2‐pyridyl)benzene) units. The formation process of blue‐green aggregate in aqueous solution was monitored through a transient absorption spectrum, and the absorption of aggregates involved in the spectral change were examined by a global analysis. A singular value decomposition and kinetic analysis provide that there are four species resulted from the self‐assembling reaction in the solution and the maximal degree of aggregation is at least 32‐mer.

DOI： 10.1002/cssc.202301174

researchmap
Photodynamic Effect of Amphiphilic N∧C∧N-Coordinated Platinum(II) Complexes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Mizuki Ogishima, Tadaaki Nakajima, Shota Hosoya, Yuichi Kitagawa, Yasuchika Hasegawa, Shinji Nonose, Tomomi Sato, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Inorganic Chemistry 63 ( 30 ) 13972 - 13979 2024

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)

DOI： 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01414

researchmap
Circularly polarized phosphorescence with a large dissymmetry factor from a helical platinum(II) complex Reviewed International journal

Masahiro Ikeshita, Shinya Watanabe, Seika Suzuki, Shota Tanaka, Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki, Yoshitane Imai, Takashi Tsuno

Chemical Communications 60 ( 17 ) 2413 - 2416 2024

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

A helical platinum(ii) complex exhibits intense red circularly polarized phosphorescence (CPP) with glum of 0.010 in the dilute solution state.

DOI： 10.1039/d3cc06293g

researchmap
Kinetic Formation of Pt–Pt Dimers of Cationic and Neutral Platinum(II) Complexes under Rapid Freeze Conditions in Solution Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Shusei Kawajiri, Akiko Sekine, Keisuke Sumi, Hitomi Narumiya, Kyouhei Sato, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Inorganic Chemistry 62 ( 24 ) 9491 - 9500 2023

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)

DOI： 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00820

researchmap
Reversible colour/luminescence colour changes of tetracyanoruthenium(II) complexes by sorption/desorption of water molecules in crystals Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Tomoya Nagai, Akiko Sekine, Takuhiro Otsuka, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Dalton Transactions 51 ( 4 ) 1474 - 1480 2022

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1039/D1DT03666A

researchmap
Vapochromism of iridium(III) bis-terpyridine complex based on modulation of halide-to-ligand charge transfer transition Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Mio Kondo, Akiko Sekine, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Dalton Transactions 51 ( 18 ) 7068 - 7075 2022

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1039/D2DT00368F

researchmap
Luminescence color change of [3,4-difluoro-2,6-bis(5-methyl-2-pyridyl)phenyl-κ3N,C1,N′]cyanidoplatinum(II) by aggregation Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Takumi Nakano, Nanako Kobayashi, Yuri Konno, Eiji Nishibori, Tomasz Galica, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Dalton Transactions 51 ( 41 ) 15830 - 15841 2022

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

A newly designed Pt(ii) complex showing a variety of emission colors depending on the degree of stacking is capable of sensing chloroform vapor.

DOI： 10.1039/d2dt02360a

researchmap
Emission Intensity Enhancement for Iridium(III) Complex in Dimethyl Sulfoxide under Photoirradiation Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Shuntaro Hirata, Kazuteru Shinozaki

The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 125 ( 32 ) 9260 - 9267 2021

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)

DOI： 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03753

researchmap
Vortex-Induced Harmonic Light Scattering of Porphyrin J-Aggregates Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Shingo Hattori, Michèle Moris, Kazuteru Shinozaki, Kazuyuki Ishii, Thierry Verbiest

The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 125 ( 10 ) 2690 - 2695 2021

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)

DOI： 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09733

researchmap
Dual emission from an iridium(III) complex/counter anion ion pair Reviewed International journal

Wataru Ito, Shingo Hattori, Mio Kondo, Hiroki Sakagami, Osamu Kobayashi, Takayoshi Ishimoto, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Dalton Transactions 50 ( 5 ) 1887 - 1894 2021

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

[Ir(tpy)2](PF6)3 (tpy = 2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridine) dissolved in CH3CN was found to exhibit dual color luminescent emission depending on the excitation wavelength. Specifically, blue and green emissions were obtained with excitation at...

DOI： 10.1039/d1dt00021g

researchmap
H/D solvent isotope effects on the photoracemization reaction of enantiomeric the tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) complex and its analogues Reviewed International journal

Masahiro Asahara, Haruhiko Kurimoto, Masato Nakamizu, Shingo Hattori, Kazuteru Shinozaki

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22 ( 11 ) 6361 - 6369 2020

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

This work assessed solvent isotope effects on the photoracemization rate and emission lifetime for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) in water.

DOI： 10.1039/c9cp06758b

researchmap
Recent advances in studies on the magneto-chiral dichroism of organic compounds Reviewed International journal

Kazuyuki Ishii, Shingo Hattori, Yuichi Kitagawa

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 19 ( 1 ) 8 - 19 2020

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Magneto-chiral dichroism is described in terms of devices and synthesis, and is a clue to explain the homochirality of life.

DOI： 10.1039/C9PP00400A

researchmap
Chiral Supramolecular Nanoarchitectures from Macroscopic Mechanical Rotations: Effects on Enantioselective Aggregation Behavior of Phthalocyanines Reviewed International journal

Mizuki Kuroha, Shohei Nambu, Shingo Hattori, Yuichi Kitagawa, Kazuhiro Niimura, Yuki Mizuno, Fujihiro Hamba, Kazuyuki Ishii

Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58 ( 51 ) 18454 - 18459 2019

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

Fluid dynamics, resulting from the macroscopic mechanical rotation of either a rotary evaporator or a magnetic stirrer, has been shown to selectively induce one of two enantiomers (mirror‐image structures) in certain nanoscale supramolecules. As an alternative to giving a chiral twist to synthesized supramolecules or polymers, it is a challenge to reproducibly prepare chiral species by only using macroscopic mechanical rotations. Demonstrated here is a highly reproducible method for rotary‐evaporation‐induced enantioselective H‐aggregation of achiral phthalocyanines. Chiral induction mechanisms are proposed by using the chiroptical‐sign‐based absolute structures. These results will provide insight to the origin of the homochirality of life, and serves as a pioneering study in a novel scientific field in terms of admixing nanoscale molecular chemistry and macroscopic fluid dynamics.

DOI： 10.1002/anie.201911366

researchmap

Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/anie.201911366
Chiral Supramolecular Nanoarchitectures from Macroscopic Mechanical Rotations: Effects on Enantioselective Aggregation Behavior of Phthalocyanines Reviewed International journal

Mizuki Kuroha, Shohei Nambu, Shingo Hattori, Yuichi Kitagawa, Kazuhiro Niimura, Yuki Mizuno, Fujihiro Hamba, Kazuyuki Ishii

Angewandte Chemie 131 ( 51 ) 18625 - 18630 2019

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Abstract

Fluid dynamics, resulting from the macroscopic mechanical rotation of either a rotary evaporator or a magnetic stirrer, has been shown to selectively induce one of two enantiomers (mirror‐image structures) in certain nanoscale supramolecules. As an alternative to giving a chiral twist to synthesized supramolecules or polymers, it is a challenge to reproducibly prepare chiral species by only using macroscopic mechanical rotations. Demonstrated here is a highly reproducible method for rotary‐evaporation‐induced enantioselective H‐aggregation of achiral phthalocyanines. Chiral induction mechanisms are proposed by using the chiroptical‐sign‐based absolute structures. These results will provide insight to the origin of the homochirality of life, and serves as a pioneering study in a novel scientific field in terms of admixing nanoscale molecular chemistry and macroscopic fluid dynamics.

DOI： 10.1002/ange.201911366

researchmap

Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ange.201911366
Encapsulation of zinc phthalocyanine into bovine serum albumin aggregates Reviewed International journal

Takanori Yokoi, Shingo Hattori, Kazuyuki Ishii

Journal of Coordination Chemistry 72 ( 4 ) 707 - 715 2019

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Informa UK Limited

DOI： 10.1080/00958972.2019.1566538

researchmap
Molecular Power Spring: Circular Dichroism Inversion of Polythiophene Aggregates from the Right-Handed Helix to Left-Handed Helix Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Shingo Hattori, Stefaan Vandendriessche, Toshiyuki Hirano, Fumitoshi Sato, Guy Koeckelberghs, Thierry Verbiest, Kazuyuki Ishii

The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 123 ( 13 ) 2925 - 2929 2019

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)

DOI： 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11832

researchmap
Whole-cell circular dichroism difference spectroscopy reveals an in vivo-specific deca-heme conformation in bacterial surface cytochromes Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Yoshihide Tokunou, Punthira Chinotaikul, Shingo Hattori, Thomas A. Clarke, Liang Shi, Kazuhito Hashimoto, Kazuyuki Ishii, Akihiro Okamoto

Chemical Communications 54 ( 99 ) 13933 - 13936 2018

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1039/C8CC06309E

researchmap
Spiral Eu(III) coordination polymers with circularly polarized luminescence Reviewed International journal

Yasuchika Hasegawa, Yui Miura, Yuichi Kitagawa, Satoshi Wada, Takayuki Nakanishi, Koji Fushimi, Tomohiro Seki, Hajime Ito, Takeshi Iwasa, Tetsuya Taketsugu, Masayuki Gon, Kazuo Tanaka, Yoshiki Chujo, Shingo Hattori, Masanobu Karasawa, Kazuyuki Ishii

Chemical Communications 54 ( 76 ) 10695 - 10697 2018

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1039/C8CC05147J

researchmap
Magneto-chiral dichroism measurements using a pulsed electromagnet Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Yusuke Yamamoto, Tomohiro Miyatake, Kazuyuki Ishii

Chemical Physics Letters 674 38 - 41 2017

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.02.033

Web of Science

researchmap
Evaporation rate-based selection of supramolecular chirality Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Shingo Hattori, Stefaan Vandendriessche, Guy Koeckelberghs, Thierry Verbiest, Kazuyuki Ishii

Chemical Communications 53 ( 21 ) 3066 - 3069 2017

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1039/c6cc09842h

Web of Science

researchmap
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Side Chains of Basic Amino Acid Residues Using the Water-Soluble Porphyrin-Based Exciton Chirality Method Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Kengo Akagawa, Kazuaki Kudo, Kazuyuki Ishii

The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 120 ( 39 ) 10280 - 10287 2016

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

DOI： 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07925

Web of Science

researchmap
Magneto-chiral dichroism of aromatic π-conjugated systems Reviewed International journal

Shingo Hattori, Kazuyuki Ishii

Optical Materials Express 4 ( 11 ) 2423 - 2423 2014

　More details

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Optical Society

DOI： 10.1364/ome.4.002423

researchmap

▼display all

Awards

UBE学術振興財団第65回学術奨励賞

2025

　More details

researchmap
東京大学大学院工学系研究科応用化学専攻修了生総代

2014

　More details

researchmap
東京大学大学院工学系研究科応用化学専攻優秀発表賞

2014

　More details

researchmap

Research Projects

Development of external stimuli responsive chiral reaction chemistry

Grant number：21K14647 2021.4 - 2024.3

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists

Shingo Hattori

　 More details

Authorship：Principal investigator

Grant amount：\4680000 （ Direct Cost: \3600000 、 Indirect Cost：\1080000 ）

researchmap
Development of external stimuli responsive chiral chemistry International coauthorship

Grant number：19K23634 2019.4 - 2021.3

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up

Shingo Hattori

　 More details

Authorship：Principal investigator Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount：\2860000 （ Direct Cost: \2200000 、 Indirect Cost：\660000 ）

In this study, we succeeded in in-situ observation of harmonic light scattering signals of porphyrin J-aggregates induced by mechanical rotation for the first time, and clarified the dynamic chiral structure and chiral induction/dissociation mechanism of porphyrin J-aggregates. In addition, we succeeded in synthesizing chiral aggregates of phthalocyanine under mechanical rotation with high reproducibility for the first time, and clarified the chiral induction mechanism of the chiral aggregates composed of the phthalocyanine complex. From these research results, we have obtained new insight for controlling chirality by external stimuli.

researchmap