Language：Japanese   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

For dealing with a large amount of disaster waste generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake, municipal governments have developed various plans and wide-area structures for disaster waste disposal. Meanwhile, countermeasures have not been sufficiently enhanced for rubble processing at each disaster site since there are problems such as the difficulty of self-help efforts due to aging and the shortage of volunteers. This research focuses on waste disposal at initial response phase, especially at primary processing stage, and analyzes on regional response capabilities according to the characteristics of the households in each region. Specifically, by the questionnaire survey on the disaster waste disposal at flood disasters conducted for 400 inhabitants in the Tamagawa River basin, possibilities and expectation for support, and response capabilities of the region to disaster waste were analyzed. The results indicate that 1) the support expected by the residents for municipal governments or volunteers at initial response phase is mainly the logistics such as preparation of cleaning equipment and transportation of disaster waste, 2) in households consisting only of elderly people, it is difficult to handle rubbing by self-help, and 3) even in young people, households of couple only tend to have fewer expectation for support.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.32.113

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The research purpose of this study was to uncover the grouping of the water supply-and-demand structure in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) of China, focusing on the balance between groundwater and surface-water. Comparing the structure of water usage and the structure of groundwater usage estimated by previous studies in each region, 35 municipalities were selected and they were classified into 12 catchments in focusing on the geographical location and the similarity of the shape of the structure of water supply-and-demand. In the upper reaches, surface-water is mainly used and the share of agricultural usage is small, therefore, seasonal variability of groundwater usage is small. On the other hand, in the middle and the lower reaches, the share of groundwater is large and the share of agricultural usage is large, therefore, seasonal variability of groundwater usage is large. Especially, these characteristics are obvious in the Loess Plateau. In addition, surface-water is mainly used again in the lowermost reaches. The results qualitatively identify the spatial pattern of the classification of water supply-and-demand structure and investigate the geographical heterogeneity within each catchment. Performing a GIS (Geographic Information System) -based estimation is meaningful for grasping the geospatial pattern of water supply-and-demand structure and for providing an area-by-area report of the situation of the water resource usage. It is hoped that this study serves as an academic reference for optimizing the water resource management and for providing some policy recommendations on resource's sustainability by using a GIS-based approach.

DOI： 10.3390/su11143984

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Rapid removal and treatment of waste generated during earthquakes is essential for the rapid recovery and reconstruction of the affected area. However, the environmental burden of disaster waste management efforts should not be overlooked even in disaster situations. Disaster waste management should be systematized as an integrated system wherein disaster waste management processes flow from generation to treatment. Life cycle thinking effectively makes sense of each stage of disaster waste management. Disaster waste prevention also might effectively reduce the environmental burden. This study reviews research trends in the management of disaster waste from the perspectives of the estimation of potential disaster waste, systematic evaluations of disaster waste management, and the necessity of addressing the material aspects of disaster waste prevention. In addition, the importance of measures for the prevention of disaster waste is examined in its social and cultural aspects, including such interventions as a change in residents' lifestyle in regard to the possession of consumer durables.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101119

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Microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Bangladesh provide a variety of financial services to poor households that can help them cope with natural disasters (e.g. floods) and adapt to environmental changes (e.g. increasing soil salinity). However, due to the limited geographic range in which MFI branches can provide their services, households located far from a branch typically do not have access to microfinance. In this study, we measured how spatial accessibility (SA) to microfinance varied across 18 sub-districts (upazilas) of southwest Bangladesh, a region heavily affected by climate-related hazards including flooding and high soil salinity. Our objective was to identify if accessibility to microfinance was negatively affected by climate hazards due to, e.g., higher lending risks in hazard-prone areas. For this, we incorporated geospatial data sets related to flood hazard, soil salinity, population density, and transportation infrastructure as explanatory variables for regression modeling of SA. We tested both ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically-weighted regression (GWR) approaches, and found that GWR was better able to predict SA. The GWR model for the SA measure "distance to nearest branch" had the strongest relationship with the explanatory variables (adjusted R-2 = 0.717), and in this model (and four of five other models tested), high flood hazard and high soil salinity were negatively correlated with accessibility to microfinance. To increase microfinance accessibility in these climate hazard-prone areas, additional funding for MFI outreach activities (e.g. utilizing national/international climate change funds), reduction of transaction costs, and further experimentation with adapting/packaging MFI services, may be required.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.10.001

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In the world, river basins often interwoven into two or more states or prefectures and because of that, disputes over water are common. Nevertheless, not all shared river basins are associated with water conflicts. Rivers in Japan and Malaysia play a significant role in regional economic development. They also play a significant role as water sources for industrial, domestic, agricultural, aquaculture, hydroelectric power generation, and the environment. The research aim is to determine the similarities and differences between the Sagami and Muda River Basins in order to have a better understanding of the governance needed for effectively implementing the lessons drawn from the Sagami River Basin for improving the management of the Muda River Basin in Malaysia. This research adopts qualitative and quantitative approaches. Semi-structured interviews were held with the key stakeholders from both basins and show that Japan has endeavored to present policy efforts to accommodate the innovative approaches in the management of their water resources, including the establishment of a river basin council. In Malaysia, there is little or no stakeholder involvement in the Muda River Basin, and the water resource management is not holistic and is not integrated as it should be. Besides that, there is little or no Integrated Resources Water Management, a pre-requisite for sustainable water resources. The results from this comparative study concluded that full support and participation from public stakeholders (meaning the non-government and non-private sector stakeholders) is vital for achieving sustainable water use in the Muda River Basin. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approaches such as the introduction of payments for ecosystems services and the development of river basin organization in the Muda River Basin should take place in the spirit of political willingness.

DOI： 10.3390/resources7020033

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Penang municipal solid waste generation is increasing as population and urbanization increased. The current landfill to accommodate Penang municipal solid waste is expected to reach its maximum capacity. Due to limited land available, Penang should consider implementing an alternative method in managing municipal solid waste. Therefore, this paper aims to study the applicability of Waste-to-Energy technology implemented by Japan in Penang context. Waste-to-Energy technology has proved its capability in reducing waste disposal into landfill and at the same time able to recover energy for various purposes. Current Waste-to- Energy technology also is able to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases and other environmental impacts. The proposed Waste-to-Energy technology can guide Penang local authorities to consider for next municipal solid waste disposal method.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

Recently, frequency and strength of flood are becoming more severe due to increasing of heavy rain and to changing of land use. Therefore, it is not only necessary to construct and maintain river banks by using conventional engineering method, but it is also important to consider control of land use to prevent or mitigate occurrences of severe flood. In this study, we firstly selected the Sakaigawa River basin because the land use of this basin is most dynamically changed last three decades among Ise -Bay basins. Secondary, we estimated water run-offs from sub-basins by using a hydrological model. Thirdly, influences of the Urbanization Promotion Area on land use change and on river run-off is analyzed. Finally, we prospected future water run-off under a case of BAU land use change.

DOI： 10.11361/journalcpij.45.3.655

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One of the problems in many local governments in Japan is population decline. This is no exception even in ordinance-designated cities, and the population will decline significantly in some cities. The population of Yokohama City differs from north to south areas in terms of its population growth. Furthermore, the characteristics of each area also differ among directions (north, south, east, and west). Therefore, if Yokohama City considers measures for population decline, it is at least important to understand the characteristics of demographics at the ward level. In this study, we clustered the characteristics of changes of populations, social populations, and natural populations based on the time trend in the wards of Yokohama City. Then, the results of the classifications were further evaluated. Finally, the characteristics of each ward were clarified, and we furthermore considered future population changes based on the results.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.20.3_330

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In this study, chronic hot spots and cold spots of the land surface temperatures were extracted by the spatial statistical method using the time-series data of summer in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Then, the spatial characteristics of these chronic hot spots and cold spots were grasped from the relationship with land uses.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.20.2_248

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

It has been announced that the demographic of Tokyo has been changed due to spread of COVID-19. However, it is unclear which demographic factors (birth, death, moving-in and moving-out) COVID-19 influences. Therefore, we conducted a basic study of Tokyo for the purpose of quantitatively understanding the relationship between each demographic factor and COVID-19.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.20.1_131

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：龍谷大学社会科学研究所  

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Although greenery in urban areas has many functions, such as mitigation of the urban heat island effect, and reduction of rainfall-induced surface runoff, it is difficult to secure the space required to plant trees in cities, which are crowded with buildings. Therefore, rooftop greening has attracted attention and many cities are adopting and promoting this practice. However, the rise in the number and area of green roof has not resulted in an increase in the total area of urban cover.

In this study, we attempt to elucidate the detailed current status of central part of Nagoya using WorldView-2 images to obtain land cover information and extract the area under rooftop greening. We then analyze this status of rooftop greening according to zoning and building usage, and suggest methods to increase the urban green cover.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.32.91

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

 In recent years, changes in river flow have occurred in various places due to the effects of climate change, affecting local and regional water resource estimates. A possible factor affecting water resource estimates is our social situation itself, such as the development of a declining birthrate and more-elderly society, which is changing dramatically. For this reason, studies on prediction and evaluation of such changes in river flow and water resource amount, as well as changes in our social situation, have become more important. However, most studies still focus only on aspects of natural change, such as climate change; therefore not many studies focus on changes in the activities of human beings and society, and the accompanying changes in land use. Changes in land use have a great impact on changes in river flow and water resource amount, because the amount of underground penetration of rainfall etc. differs for each type of land use. Therefore, by fully considering the future land use as well as the current situation, more accurate evaluation of future water resources becomes possible. The previous research have not included a comprehensive evaluation of watersheds throughout Japan for estimating future land use, and they have not covered a long-term estimation period to fully consider climate change either. For this reason, it has been difficult to compare and evaluate future land use changes in each watershed.<br> In this study, in order to contribute to the analysis of changes in river flow and water resource amount in the future, land use for the period 2015-2100 (in 5-year intervals) was estimated by a tertiary mesh procedure for all of the 109 water systems of Japan. In addition, in consideration of anthropogenic changes, by evaluating four scenarios with different birth rates and death rates, we estimated the change of land use due to differences in future population numbers. As a result, it was found that the artificial land use of the 109 water systems of Japan decreased to the same level as in 1976. Our results clarified Japan's future water resource situation given a high rate of decrease in artificial land use. Little difference was found among the evaluated scenarios.

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.31.364

DOI： 10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_67_references_DOI_Ij0DRPSDUgf8HA9XvLh6nAwmrP3

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In recent years, the occurrence of the great earthquake and its accompanying tsunami along the Nankai Trough has raised concerns, and it is assumed that extensive damage will occur in a wide area, from Kanto to Kyushu. In the past, the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Kumamoto earthquake damaged various social infrastructures such as the nuclear power plants and the public facilities tremendously and various failures occurred due to malfunction of blackouts, traffic congestion etc. In this study, we aim to examine the prospective facility's location and disaster prevention measures. For this reason, we used the data of the tsunami anticipated inundation area on the great earthquake along the Nankai Trough etc., to grasp the number and the depth of social infrastructures in the area. We also analyzed the geographical characteristics such as the altitude of the tsunami anticipated inundation area and its distance from the coastline.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.17.1_34

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In recent years, many floods caused by heavy rain have occurred in the Fuji river basin, and the damage to houses has been enormous. Measures must be taken to mitigate the damage, but first it is necessary to understand the extent of the damage. When strong flooding occurs, the cost of damage is greater. Prompt restoration and reconstruction can be expected if the amount of flood-generated waste is reduced. This study estimates the amount of flood-generated waste and damage to existing houses in the anticipated inundation area of the Fuji river basin. We applied estimations to each tertiary mesh cell while considering changes in the population, number of households, and housing life cycle from 2010 to 2050. The amount of damage caused by anticipated flooding in 2050 was estimated at approximately 4,070,000 yen per capita: an 8.0% increase from 3,770,000 yen per capita in 2010. Flood-generated waste disposal per capita in 2050 was estimated at approximately 36 tons, an increase of 9.0% from approximately 33 tons in 2010.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.17.1_49

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This study aims to estimate micro material stock derived from consumer goods using fundamental data such as possession and expenditure of consumer goods in housing, considering the type of housing and class of total floor area of housing. A questionnaire survey of residents living in the eight cities of the Tama river basin was conducted to clarify the possession and expenditure of consumer goods in units of items/housing and JPY/housing. Identified consumer goods were 14 types and 97 items. The questionnaire also asked the storeys on which the consumer goods are installed. Material intensity coefficients (MIC) regarding the weight of consumer goods were calculated based on web–based and statistical surveys in units of kg/item and kg/USD. Micro material stock derived from consumer goods in housing totalled 5.84 t (t) in detached housing and 5.71 t in complex housing. Amount of the micro material stock derived from consumer goods corresponds to 10.9% of the macro material stock derived from detached housing. Reliability and validity of questionnaire results and the MIC were confirmed through two types of sensitivity analysis. As a case study, the total weight of all consumer goods in Kawasaki City was calculated as 3,667,000 t. The disaster waste derived from consumer goods considering the flood damage was estimated based on the total weight of all consumer goods in the city. The resulting estimation was 229,000 t. This estimation is 0.72 times bigger than the above-mentioned result that considered the storeys on which the consumer goods are installed.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.012

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

The aim of this study is to graspthe actual redundant capacity of waste treatment plants as a means of evaluating possible disaster prevention countermeasures. Results of the study reflect the potential for waste treatment plants to serve as regional disaster response facilities.<br>We first investigated the damage ratio for incineration plants and bulk waste treatment facilities in Japan based on combining the vector data of plant locations and information from seismic damage distributions using GIS; of main concern was the case of the great earthquakes that occurred in the Nankai trough. In the next step, we conducted a questionnaire-survey of 1,361 municipalities throughout Japan. The redundant capacity of waste incineration plants was calculated using the maximum working hours derived from this survey. Finally, we conducted a case study to evaluate the redundant capacity of incineration plants operated by municipalities after the presumed great earthquake along the Nankai trough that struck.

DOI： 10.3985/jjsmcwm.29.92

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The population of Toyama prefecture has been declining since the peak in 1998. Furthermore, decreasing birthrate and aging society in Toyama prefecture are also serious situations. In order to recognize such problems and to aim for the development of the region, it is necessary to promote the location of commercial facilities, enhance medical facilities corresponding to the aged society, and grasp elementary and junior high schools that respond to the declining birthrate. In order to examine these problems, it is necessary to fully consider the future social situation. In this study, targeting on entire Toyama prefecture, we estimated population, number of households, demand of houses and its lifecycle. Then based on the above estimation results, we analyzed future land use in Toyama prefecture and examined the required number of commercial facilities, medical facilities, and schools in some major cities.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.16.1_54

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Developments of large-scale new towns, such as Kohoku Newtown in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, have the purpose of absorbing an increasing population and preventing disorganized development. Kohoku Newtown has experienced an increase in population growth and development, especially after the opening of the Yokohama municipal subway. The development of this town has played a role in the provision of new housing and commercial buildings. Firstly, this study considered the land use changes associated with Kohoku Newtown from 1974 to 2007. Secondly, the land surface temperature (LST) of each area of the town was calculated from the results of a regression analyses using LST data from Landsat ETM+ (2001) and land use patterns in 2000. Finally, the changes in land use and LST were examined within and outside of Kohoku Newtown and also within and outside of the sphere of influence of its railway station.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.16.1_82

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© 2017 by the authors. This study uses a spatially-explicit land-use/land-cover (LULC) modeling approach to model and map the future (2016-2030) LULC of the area surrounding the Laguna de Bay of Philippines under three different scenarios: 'business-as-usual', 'compact development', and 'high sprawl' scenarios. The Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines and an important natural resource for the population in/around Metro Manila. The LULC around the lake is rapidly changing due to urban sprawl, so local and national government agencies situated in the area need an understanding of the future (likely) LULC changes and their associated hydrological impacts. The spatial modeling approach involved three main steps: (1) mapping the locations of past LULC changes; (2) identifying the drivers of these past changes; and (3) identifying where and when future LULC changes are likely to occur. Utilizing various publically-available spatial datasets representing potential drivers of LULC changes, a LULC change model was calibrated using the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network algorithm. After calibrating the model, future LULC changes were modeled and mapped up to the year 2030. Our modeling results showed that the 'built-up' LULC class is likely to experience the greatest increase in land area due to losses in 'crop/grass' (and to a lesser degree 'tree') LULC, and this is attributed to continued urban sprawl.

DOI： 10.3390/land6020026

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In recent years, extreme weather events such as heavy rains due to global warrming have been increasing. This causes flood damage in many places in Japan, as river flows increase immediately after heavy rainfall events occur. The damage generates large amounts of waste. Any delay in the processing of this waste interferes with restoration and reconstruction efforts, delaying the return to people's normal lives. Therefore, this study estimated the amount of flood disposal waste generated in a flooded area of the Tama River basin. The results of this study provide important insights into treatments for flood waste disposal.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.16.1_98

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In this study, we analyzed what kind of community was involved in the disposal of disaster waste caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake. For this purpose, we first conducted a questionnaire survey on community situation and disaster waste disposal. Then, by using the result of questionnaire, we analyzed what kinds of community situations are progressing disaster waste disposal smoothly, and what kind of measures are available to raise the community's power.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.16.1_92

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In this study, in order to understand mitigation effect of amount of disaster wastes generated to difference in function of seawall by tunami in entire Mie prefecture, comparison was carried out by both cases

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.16.1_78

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 In recent year, great earthquake along the Nankai trough has been concerned in Japan. Therefore, in dangerous areas it is necessary to consider the measures in preparation for earthquake and tsunami in the future. We constructed a estimation model, that show the future of the population, households, and the total floor area of the building. And, we estimated the disaster waste from building by the earthquake and tsunami.<br> We understood effect of the measures by using the seismic scenario, evacuation scenario, and BAU (business as usual) scenario. In the results of this study, disaster waste from housing by earthquake was decreased by about 41% in seismic scenario at 2010. Disaster waste from building by tsunami was decreased by about 89% in evacuation scenario at 2050. Therefore to further reduce the disaster waste, it is necessary to consider the measures such as raising of the embankment and relocation of housing support for housing relocation.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.143

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：国際環境研究協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人 環境科学会  

<p>Tsunami disasters not only cause great damage to human life and property, but will hinder the reconstruction with a huge amount of disaster waste for a long term. This study aims to examine the feasibility of house relocation project planned for mitigating Tsunami disaster waste through analyzing residents' preference. The analysis started by Stated Preferences (SP) questionnaire survey for 2,000 residents living in potential Tsunami inundation area across eight prefectures, in which difference of relocation preference by condition and family structures was focused. The result indicated that residents generally need infrastructure construction such as banks and do not see house relocation as a realistic alternative. However, it was also revealed that approximately 40％ of residents may potentially think it is desirable to relocate their residence. Comparative analysis of household characteristics indicated that cost and needs of detached house can be impediments to relocation, while families with small children and young people tend to prefer house relocation even if their condition is severe. Most of aged people, however, refused house relocation for disaster prevention even if they are exempt from all costs.</p>

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.30.357

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Tsunami disasters not only cause great damage to human life and property, but will hinder the reconstruction with a huge amount of disaster waste for a long term. This study aims to examine the feasibility of house relocation project planned for mitigating Tsunami disaster waste through analyzing residents’ preference. The analysis started by Stated Preferences (SP) questionnaire survey for 2,000 residents living in potential Tsunami inundation area across eight prefectures, in which difference of relocation preference by condition and family structures was focused. The result indicated that residents generally need infrastructure construction such as banks and do not see house relocation as a realistic alternative. However, it was also revealed that approximately 40％ of residents may potentially think it is desirable to relocate their residence. Comparative analysis of household characteristics indicated that cost and needs of detached house can be impediments to relocation, while families with small children and young people tend to prefer house relocation even if their condition is severe. Most of aged people, however, refused house relocation for disaster prevention even if they are exempt from all costs.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.30.357

DOI： 10.2208/kaigan.76.2_i_1297_references_DOI_3oIljzo7GioYVIcUxOWZrRXm7ec

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

 Climate change is a global problem, one that all nations and international organizations should address in a concerted manner, and low carbonized of lifestyle required more and more in the future. This study aimed to clarified trade-off of residents' values to current lifestyle and future living environment change by climate change considered lifestyle diversity. The results indicate that 1) residents tend to values cost of living, healthy and power failure in living environmental change, 2) aged persons and families more values current lifestyle than future living environment, 3) people that like culture or social activity values future living environment.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.72.i_195

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 Heat island phenomena which is one of presentative urban environmental issue has been worsen by developing urban area under high economic growth period in Japan. In order to mitigate this phenomena, green planting has been promoted. However, construction area of planting green on rooftop and wall have been decreasing or steady recently. But, the reason of this trend has not been understood clearly. The aim of this study is to promote green planting of detached houses. Firstly, we carried out the Web questionnaire survey targeted to Nagoya city of Aichi prefecture. Through this survey, we acquired information of required conditions for planting green, such as construction area, types of planting tree or green and so on. Secondly, we estimated the possible amount of WTP (willing to pay) for construction of planting green. Finally, we evaluated and examined whether the grants of planting green are efficient for promoting green planting or not.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.72.i_109

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Among other environmental problems, land use characteristics can vary depending on human activity. Natural landscapes have been converted to residential and commercial facilities due to increased human activity. As a result, it is safe to consider the current land use patterns as an indicator of our daily activities. However, these changes have caused serious environmental problems, such as the heat island phenomenon and deterioration of the ecological environment. In this study, we have created a fine land-cover information source using three different classification methods of high-resolution satellite imagery, Geoeye-1 image. Additionally, we have examined and compared the results of classifications (pixel-based classification methods, unsupervised classification, and supervised classification), and have also used an object-based classification technique often used in recent years.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.14.2_153

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

 In recent years, heavy rains have often flooded houses. Some measures are necessary to minimize flood damage. One set of measures is to evacuate people from the flooded region, move the houses to non-flooded (safe) areas from flooded (risk) areas, and prevent the construction of any additional houses building in the flooded areas. From this study of the towns of Kanagawa prefecture, we have estimated the likely number of households and population number up to 2050. We have also estimated spatial arrangements and life cycles of the houses. Using these estimates, we have analyzed how much flood damage would be mitigated if houses and people were relocated to safe areas. Results show that if similar floods occurred in 2050, then moving houses and people from risky areas to safe areas would reduce flood damage costs in Kanagawa prefecture as a whole by a maximum of 6,832 billion yen, compared with the scenario of no change in the current business as usual housing placement policy and practice.

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.28.245

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.31.364_references_DOI_xKFirMxgo8zexZGljIpJqoZnqN

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日中経済協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

During the late 1950s and the 1960s, Japan experienced a period of high economic growth. Although metropolitan urban core areas were increasingly concentrated, disorderly urban sprawl continued to expand, which became a problem for the country. A series of Newtowns (orderly planned cities) were developed to solve this problem. The Kohoku Newtown is famous in the Kanto region. Although construction began on the Kohoku Newtown in 1974, its public transit was limited to bus service until 1993, when the subway opened. Based on this history, this study analyzed the influences of the subway on land-use changes.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.14.1_73

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

Light Rail Transit (LRT) has recently developed primarily in Western countries. LRT of Toyama city opened in 2006; moreover, Light Rail Vehicles (LRV) and barrier-free trains are currently being introduced and promoted by a tram company. In addition, the introduction of the LRT is under consideration in Yokohama city and Utsunomiya city, although, currently, new openings have been limited to Toyama city. This study investigated four aspects of Japanese 20 tram companies: the production side , managerial ,service level surface and environment-friendly face using the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method.

DOI： 10.11361/reportscpij.14.1_67

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Language：English   Publisher：HIGHER EDUCATION PRESS  

This paper analyzed regional industrial energy efficiency in China with Total-Factor Energy Efficiency (TFEE). The East region has the best energy efficiency and the Central and the West regions stand as the second and the third respectively. However, it is found that industrial energy efficiency of all regions increased from 1998 to 2006. This result is consistent with level of economic development of every region. The industries of all provinces in China are not yet at the frontier efficiency position, therefore, to the frontier as target, their technology levels and production processes should be adjusted accordingly. Compared with the conventional energy efficiency, the inverse of energy intensity, which is defined as the ratio of actual output to energy input, is regarded as Single-Factor Energy Efficiency (SFEE) index. Although TFEE ranks are not changed for each region, they are different for each province. The comparative result also shows that the substitution among inputs (labor, capital stock, and energy) to produce the output is significant. The SFEE scores could be over-estimated if energy is taken as the single input in the production. Finally, we identified determining factors affecting industrial energy efficiency using Tobit model. The results indicate that an increase of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the percentage of output value of industry invested by Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and abroad, energy price and investment of scientific and technological activities for industry could be possible contributors and drivers to the industrial energy efficiency. However, increasing of heavy industry will lead to worse industrial energy efficiency.

DOI： 10.1007/s11783-014-0656-y

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

 In this study, we constructed a simulation model to simulate for future water demand by different sectors (agriculture, industry, and domestic) in each prefecture of Japan. We also estimated the future water resource of each prefecture based on the data of AMeDAS, the GCM (Global Climate Model), and statistical literatures. The water demand model was constructed by using published statistical data and information derived from the geographical information system (GIS). The model can estimate water demand by different sectors from year 2000 to 2050 (the simulation time step is 5 years) for different socioeconomic scenarios and with the introduction of water-saving technologies. The water demand for different scenarios is estimated by considering changes in population, economic situation, area of cultivated land, population with access to a water supply, water recycling in industrial processes, among other factors. We finally evaluated the gap between the water demand and supply by each prefecture. An understanding of future water demand and supply using this model could help in a re-evaluation of appropriate water use, thus avoiding water shortages as well as allowing for an examination of the influence on river flows.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.71.i_369

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

Field tests of demand response (DR) power model, the policy controlling electric power demand using flexibility change power rates, are being conducted in many cities as the solution of tight energy supply-demand balance and installation into distributed energy system. This study aims to discuss of the relation of power rates and residential behavior with questionnaires, and to estimate energy consumption change on summer with time schedule model targeting the Nagoya metropolitan area (within 20km of CBD). The results indicate that 1) high power rates promote residential going out, 2) DR promote not only residential energy saving behavior in the short-term, but also replacement to high energy efficiency facilities in the long-term, 3) the mainly effects of DR are reduction of energy consumption in peak time, 4) in inner city where many singles live, the effects of DR may be smaller than the result of field tests.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.71.i_357

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In aiming at continuous development, global warming is a challenge that must be acknowledged. It would be necessary to shift to the low-carbon society in order to solve this challenge. When examining the environmental load of urban structure, it is desirable to consider and analyze life cycles at various scales. In this study, we estimate future CO<sub>2</sub> emission scenarios from Japan's prefectures. We compared the effects of energy-saving measures such as compacting of urban areas and photovoltaic systems have on the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.<br> The result for the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario was 1,985 million tons of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from 2045 to 2049. However, a scenario of energy saving measures reduces CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to 1,250 million tons, a 40% reduction. It was found that the introduction of photovoltaic affected the results most significantly.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.i_157

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The problem of heat environment in urban area has become more obvious recently. One of the causes of this problem relates to the urban land covers. Especially, artificial land surfaces such as concrete, asphalt and so on have been expanded under urbanization and have made the problem more worsen continuously. Therefore, this study firstly acquired the fine land cover information by using the object based classification method which has become popular recently. Then, the acquiring land cover information was verified the accuracy compared with actual land covers. Moreover, relationship between land cover information and land surface temperatures were analyzed by two different statistical methods of the ordinary least squares and the geographically weighted regression. Finally, the reproducibility of the land surface temperatures by both methods were examined.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.i_59

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京都市大学環境学部 ; 2014-  

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Global warming is a serious problem that cannot be avoided any longer. This problem has impacted on weather and climate. Therefore the snow (snowfall, snow accumulation and snowmelt) will be changed greatly in the future compared with the current situation.<br> In this study, we analyzed the impact on the ski business due to the changes of snow amount by the global warming. Firstly, we estimated by regression analysis the relationship between the snow amount and the number of visitors of the ski areas in the Toyama Prefecture. Secondly, the data of snowfall in current and future were created by using the observed data and data from Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer model and Global Climate Model. Thirdly, by using the data of snowfall in the future under global warming as well as the relationship of the snow amount and the number of visitors, we calculated the effect of snowfall on the business income and the number of visitors in the future. Finally, we surveyed to the ski area owners for adaptation methods against the global warming.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.i_21

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.75.i_57_references_DOI_NvZqAMjQIQ4fZ9Vo1NJMn2DKscS

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It is necessary to understand amount of the future CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission and material stock flow in order to attain a sustainable society. In this study, we estimated future CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions and material stock flow of urban structures by municipalities in the Hokuriku region. The result for the &quot;B scenario and technology introduction&quot; in 2050 were 30.5Mt of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, 7.5Mt of material input, 426.2Mt of material stock, and 19.9Mt of material output. In conclusion, population decline caused by failing birth rate, intensifying urban areas, and the lifetime improvement of domestic houses.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.69.ii_13

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

The authors attempted to describe structure of surface water use in the Yellow River Basin of China, whose situation was difficult to be understood with a lack of actual data, in directly comparing structure of water resource demand and supply estimated by Onishi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. (2006) and structure of ground water use estimated by Ichinose &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. (2009) in the each region. 35 municipalities which were almost included in the Yellow River Basin were picked up and they were classified into 12 small catchments in focusing on the geographical location and the similarity of shape of structure of water resource demand and supply (expressed as bar graphs). In the upstream areas surface water is mainly used and share of agricultural use is small, therefore, seasonal variability of ground water use is small. On the other hand, in the middle stream and the downstream areas share of ground water is large and share of agricultural use is large, therefore, seasonal variability of ground water use is large. Especially these characters are obvious in the Loess Plateau. In addition, surface water is mainly used again in the most downstream areas.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.26.167

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 土木学会  

&amp;nbsp;In recent years, a resource-circulating society has gained more attention while the concept of regional recycling society also emerged. Regional infrastructure development produces large amount of construction wastes. Effort to be a regional resource-circulating society will be an effective counter measure to an efficient resource use. In this study, the computational model to go to the regional resource-circulating society is built and estimation of supply and demand of concrete material is mainly focused and done by detail spatial analysis and future projection. As a result, there were three zones in three prefectures to circulate concrete block within 20km.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.68.II_147

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)  

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From the perspective of the finite resources of nature, transition to a stock-based society that reduces the amount of material input and waste is expected in the future. The material cycle in the construction sector is large; thus, it is essential that the material flow in this sector be reduced in order to reduce environmental impacts. Further, in order to understand the trends in the material flow of the construction sector, it is necessary to understand the future demand for material stock on the basis of social and economic factors. In this study, we focus on urban structures and organize the factors affecting the demand for existing structures. Moreover, we estimate future demand for urban structural material stock in each prefecture for each of the multiple scenarios that reflect different social perspectives. The result obtained from the estimation indicates that the reduction in urban structural material stock from 2000 to 2050 was most limited under the &quot;urban concentration scenario&quot; as compared with the other scenarios-BAU and dispersed settlement. Further, there was a substantial increase in the urban structural material stock per capita under this scenario during same period, while there was a decrease in this stock under the other two scenarios.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.68.i_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Association of Japanese Geographers  

The authors attempted to describe structure of surface water use in the Yellow River Basin, whose situation was difficult to be understood with a lack of actual data, in directly comparing structure of water resource use estimated by Onishi &lt;i&gt;et al. &lt;/i&gt;(2006) and structure of ground water use estimated by Ichinose &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (2009) in the each region. In the upstream areas surface water is mainly used and share of agricultural use is small. On the other hand, in the middle stream and the downstream areas share of ground water is large and share of agricultural use is large.

DOI： 10.14866/ajg.2012s.0_100072

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

A large amount of resource consumption and expansion of social infrastructures has supported the rapid economic growth of Japan. However, from the perspective of the finite resources, shift to a stock-based society that reduces the amount of material input and waste is expected in the future. Therefore, it is important to understand amount of the future demand for material stock. In this study, we estimated future demand for material stock of urban structures?housing, office building, road, railway and sewer by level of cities, towns and villages in order to understand detail of regional characteristics. The result obtained from the estimation indicates that the difference of material stocks by multiple scenarios became 190 Mt in 2050.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis26.0_37

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23510049/

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Language：English   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

As with virtually any international river, many international disputes have arisen about allocation of water resources among countries located in the Mekong River Basin, where an appropriate approach to water-resource management must be applied. Moreover, the trade volume among countries of the Mekong River Basin, which increases annually, is expected to influence water resources strongly. In this context, the effects of international trade on water resources cannot be ignored when discussing appropriate approaches to water resources management. Therefore, in this study, we first analyzed the change of the structure of trade among countries located in the Mekong River Basin during 1999-2007 based on international trade data. The degree of interdependence among countries was also estimated. Subsequently, we estimated the virtual required water and the actually required water to support international trade in the Mekong River Basin. Finally, we discussed the interdependence of water resources among the countries of the Mekong River Basin, and present some advice related to water resource management for sustainable water resource use.management

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.25.362

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Publisher：Sociotechnology Research Network  

To mitigate the urban heat environment, it is now becoming common practice to increase natural vegetation such as trees and grass. Particularly, the planting of greenery on roof-tops and on the walls of houses, buildings etc. has been promoted by many municipalities. However, it is also important to plant greenery in unused areas to increase the vegetation. In fact, covering unused areas with greenery not only has an effect on mitigating urban heat environment, but also offers a place of recreation and relaxation to people. In this study, first, we extracted the green covers such as trees and grass by using the high resolution satellite imagery, IKONOS. Then, we merged the land use data and greenery (LUG). We also acquired the land surface temperatures (LST) during different seasons and times. After which, we analyzed relationship between the LUG and the LST data. We also simulated mitigation effect of urban heat environment by planting greenery in unused areas.

DOI： 10.3392/sociotechnica.8.149

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

The purpose of this study is to estimate effect of perviousness of street&#039;s design which is applied by the concept of &amp;ldquo;Green Infrastructure&amp;rdquo;. We used some scenarios to estimate the effects of flood control by applying the concept of &amp;ldquo;Green Infrastructure&amp;rdquo; at the three different study areas. The results acquired by a GIS based hydrological modelindicated that the &amp;ldquo;Green Infrastructure&amp;rdquo; have significant effect to reduce water runoff. And, two important evaluations were summarized.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.76.335

DOI： 10.2208/jscejaie.76.1_30_references_DOI_TtjlkeJJT8a58ny8qfpQTeG0gvj

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

It is said that, in the 21st century, water scarcity has become a grave concern, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where climatic conditions impose a constraint on water resources. Such a severe constraint poses a threat to economical growth. Increase in water demand associated with rapid economic development exacerbates incidences of water shortage. Water shortage is not only an issue concerning arid and semi-arid regions but likewise affects developing countries and regions where the effects of climate change are significant. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between socio-economic growth and water demand and to estimate the fine spatial gaps in the demand and supply of water in China. Regional water demand from different sectors (agricultural, industrial, domestic) was estimated using a macro framework of socio-economic growth. Water supply from regional resources was estimated using observed meteorological data. Spatial gaps were found in the demand and supply of water using a 0.5 degree macroscopic mesh. Further, the amount of water flowing in both the Yellow River and the Chang River was estimated using a cascade-type water flow model.

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.24.216

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

This study analyzed the relationship between infrastructure investment and water use and aqueous environments. First, we collected data on water use and pollutant discharge in each industry and constructed an input–output table that was used to analyze the influence of infrastructure construction on water resources and aqueous environments. Then, the influence of the infrastructure investment on water resources was evaluated using indicators, Such as the amount of water use and the pollutant discharge of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia(NH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;). According to our analysis, the domestic product resulting from infrastructure investment is as large as urban household consumption and export demand, and has become a main force of economic development in China. In the agricultural sector, both the amount of water use and water pollutant discharge induced by infrastructure investment far exceeded that by any other industry. In addition, the water use induced by infrastructure investment in the steel-smelting sector and electricity and hot water production and supply sector was also high. The COD discharge by the paper and paper products sector was very high. The infrastructure investment induced a large discharge of NH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt; in the chemicals sector, which includes chemical fertilizers. Therefore, increasing water use efficiency and decreasing water pollutant discharge in key sectors, such as agriculture and paper and paper products, will be increasingly important in the future.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.24.290

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本都市計画学会  

Recently, frequency and strength of flood are becoming more severe due to increasing of heavy rain and to changing of land use. Therefore, it is not only necessary to construct and maintain river banks by using conventional engineering method, but it is also important to consider control of land use to prevent or mitigate occurrences of severe flood. In this study, we firstly selected the Sakaigawa River basin because the land use of this basin is most dynamically changed last three decades among Ise -Bay basins. Secondary, we estimated water run-offs from sub-basins by using a hydrological model. Thirdly, influences of the Urbanization Promotion Area on land use change and on river run-off is analyzed. Finally, we prospected future water run-off under a case of BAU land use change.

DOI： 10.11361/cpij1.45.0.110.0

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of landuse changes on river discharges in future. We firstly estimated the numbers of population and households of the basins in 2050. Secondary, the surplus areas were calculated based on the scenarios of compactness index and were relocated to the natural land uses, such as paddy field and main natural land uses. Under the several scenarios of land use changes in future, we simulated river discharges of the basins. The results of this study indicated the importance of landuse changes, i.e. increasing natural land use and shrinking urban landuse.

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.16.689

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Urban parks can help mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects and decrease cooling energy consumption in summer. However, it is unclear how park characteristics affect the formation of a park cool island (PCI). In this study, PCI intensity values for 92 parks in Nagoya, Japan were obtained from ASTER land surface temperature (LST) products and then correlated to detailed and use information derived from high-spatial-resolution IKONOS satellite data. The results indicate that (1) the cooling effect depends on the park size and seasonal radiation condition, and park size is non-linearly correlated to PCI intensity; (2) PCI intensity is mainly determined by the area of tree and shrub inside the park as well as the park shape, and grass has negative impact on PCI formation. The park vegetation and shape index (PVSI) proposed here well predicted PCI intensity of selected parks. These findings can help urban planners to understand PCI formation and design cool parks to counteract UHI effects. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.03.008

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan  

Low carbon emission and less material input are the key factor of urban / regional environment planning. Construction sector use approximately half weight of material input of Japanese society. Successive estimation of Material Stock and Energy Consumption leads to clarify level of sustainability. The object of this paper is to clarify contribution of GIS for material stock and energy flow accounts. Material Stock and energy consumption of urban infrastructure in the near future were estimated using model with 4-D GIS (fourth dimensions geographical information systems), which includes spatial 3-D GIS with time scale. With using Historical Spatial Information, we could know successive change of material stock, energy consumption and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission, life span of urban structures, and future projection of material and energy balance of city.

DOI： 10.3370/lca.6.92

DOI： 10.11361/journalcpij.51.833_references_DOI_88a1rkdd4I4sJdQXyhlamuCNhpO

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG  

Artificial urban land uses such as commercial and residential buildings, roads, and parking lots covered by impervious surfaces can contribute to the formation of urban heat islands (UHIs), whereas vegetation such as trees, grass, and shrubs can mitigate UHIs. Considering the increasing area of parking lots with little vegetation cover in Nagoya, Japan, this study evaluated the potential for UHI mitigation of greening parking lots in Nagoya. The relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and land use/land cover (LULC) in different seasons were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models. Potential UHI mitigation was then simulated for two scenarios: (1) grass is planted on the surface of each parking lot with coverage from 10 to 100% at an interval of 10% and (2) parking lots are covered by 30% trees and 70% grass. The results show that different LULC types play different roles in different seasons and times. On average, both scenarios slightly reduced the LST for the whole study area in spring or summer. However, for an individual parking lot, the maximum LST decrease was 7.26 degrees C in summer. This research can help us understand the roles of vegetation cover and provide practical guidelines for planning parking lots to mitigate UHIs. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.002

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A large amount of construction minerals has been stocked as urban structures over time. In the near future, materials from demolished structures cause new material flow as it became waste, but the demands of recycling material related to roadway construction and maintenance have been decrease. Therefore, we estimated the volume of Material Stock Accounts of urban infrastructure over time by using four damnation GIS database. In addition, lifespan of urban structure by landuse type is estimated for predicting the future construction material balance. materials discharged from buildings is approximately 24 times larger compare to the demand of roadway's construction.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis23.0.89.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science  

Quantifying urban material stock and unveiling the input history of construction materials could provide a new basic dataset for urban area assessment. Construction materials of the buildings, roadways and sewer networks are estimated based on statistical data. In this paper, total mass of construction materials are estimated over time with country and prefecture scale. The results indicate that overall Prefectures of stock density is 116 (kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), Mega cities stock density is 358(kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). The proportion was seen by the stock per person and the gross GDP per person.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis23.0.83.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

The increases in water demand associated with rapid socio-economic development led to water shortage in the northern part of China, such as in the Yellow River basin. Nowadays, the use of agriculture water is beginning to be restrained by the increase in new water uses, such as industrial water and domestic water; and by rapid pace of industrialization and urbanization. However, it is significant to secure agriculture water to meet the increasing and diverse food demand of its growing population. Subsequently, the Chinese government plays a central role in the efforts to overcome the water shortage, such as in the &lsquo;South to North Water Transfer Projects. In order to resolve the issue of such water shortage, it is important to understand how water can be used in the most physically and economically efficient way, and the extent on how much water use can be reduced in what regions. The effective and rational use of agriculture water is necessary if the country is to achieve a sustainable agricultural production. From this viewpoint, we applied DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) techniques to a provincial level dataset to estimate the efficiency of agricultural water use in China. In addition, we compared and examined the differences of efficiencies among the main river basins which are created by the administrative unit on a province level. We also identified determinant factors affecting the efficiencies using the Tobit model.

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.22.356

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本都市計画学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：English   Publisher：World Scientific Publishing Co.  

DOI： 10.1142/9789814280969_0007

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Language：English   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

In recent years, along with rapid population growth and economic development, power and water shortages have become serious problems especially in northern and eastern regions of China. In order to resolve these problems, inter-regional water and power transfer has been implemented in China, and water and power issues are mutually dependent as coal power generation requires water for cooling. In this paper, we firstly introduced the status of inter-sectoral water right transfer practices and inter-regional water and power transfer systems in China. Then we analyzed four scenarios for water and power transfers among sectors and regions and suggested an effective approach for sustainable development in North China.

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China has expanded its food supply in order to meet the increasing food demand for its growing population. The agricultural production in the Yellow River Basin, one of the important agricultural production areas of China, has increased in recent years. However, water shortages have become severe, and excessive use of water in agriculture may worsen this problem. Thus the effective use of water resources is essential in this area. In this study, we estimated agricultural Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of year 2000 by using hydrological model, agricultural field data and grain yield statistics data. The results suggest that further improvement of agricultural WUE in the upstream is necessary toward sustainable agricultural production.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本太陽エネルギー学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

To clarify the influences of human activities on freshwater resources, the long-term (1960-2000) water balance of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) was analyzed using a semi-distributed hydrological model. To estimate the impact of the major anthropogenic factors, the following three sub-models (1) land-use change, (2) reservoir operation and (3) irrigation water use were applied. The model showed the impacts of soil water conservation in the Loess Plateau, large reservoir operation in the upper reach, and the deference of irrigation water use between upper and lower reaches quantitatively. The model developed in this study will contribute to the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in many countries and regions which are suffered by the various human activities.

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Language：English   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

We analyze China's Pollution Charge System (PCs) to quantitatively evaluate the regional impacts on pollution control incentives of industrial wastewater. Firstly, we specified the cost function of industrial wastewater treatment in China from 1992 to 2000. Secondary, the water quality-adjusted marginal abatement cost (QAMAC) curves are estimated in 2000 for 29 provinces. Finally, Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) is adopted to identify factors affected the cost efficiency.

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The most direct impact of humans on their natural surrounding is the use of land. This study proposes methodology for explaining spatial distribution of land using country based model the possibilities of using spread sheet software. The ratio of urban population is applied for country based land use change such as Forest area, Agricultural area and Other use. The land use data provided by US Geological Survey is classified into 25 categories. These 25 categories are reclassified to the countries based on 3 categories such as agriculture, forestry, other area. USGS based spatial distribution and country based land use and cover change are combined. Inserting country based land use change values into spatial datasets, the changed area between year 1990 and 2000 are extracted.

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Language：English   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

Increases in water demand associated with rapid socio-economic development may lead to severer water shortage in the Yellow River Basin. Therefore it is necessary to apply proper water resource management in the basin towards sustainable use of water resources. Applying data of county or city level, this study presents an estimation of water supply and demand up to 2050 based on different scenarios. Furthermore, the scale of the water shortage is assessed in order to indicate possible extent of reduction in water consumption in the context of water shortage.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本沙漠学会  

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In recent years, revitalization of urban central zone and proceeding of compactness of cities are urgently required in local cities. On this process, aiming at improvement in a living environment is necessary with redevelopment of urban central zone. Therefore, mitigation of urban heat environment is one of the most significant issues. Therefore, in this study, urban heat environment structure at the central part of Toyota city was studied. Firstly, fine land cover information was classified by utilizing the data obtained from the higher-resolution satellite image (IKONOS). Secondary, the relationship between land cover and brightness temperature obtained from LANDSAT ETM+ was verified by regression analysis. Finally, in order to mitigate the heat environment, simulation by the regression model was accomplished by greenplanting based on the greenery planning of Toyota city. In conclusion, the effectiveness of fine land cover information to the analysis of urban heat environment was shown in this study.

DOI： 10.2208/proge.16.181

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China is expanding its food supply in order to meet the increasing food demand of its growing population. The Yellow River basin, one of the important agricultural production areas in China, has increased agricultural production through improvements in productivity. However, environmental issues, especially water shortages, have become severe, and excessive use of agricultural water may worsen this problem. Therefore, the effective use of water resources is essential if the country is to achieve sustainable food supply and demand. We applied Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) techniques to county and city level datasets to estimate the technical efficiency and water use efficiency of agriculture in the Yellow River basin. We also identified determining factors affecting agricultural water use efficiency using the Tobit model. Results from this study indicate that: 1. average agricultural water use efficiencies have not changed significantly during the estimation period; 2. efficiency tends to be high in the river source region (Qinghai), midstream (except Shanxi), and downstream but tended to be low in upstream (especially in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia); 3. weather conditions, e.g., precipitation and sunlight hours, may affect water efficiency characteristics; and 4. an increase in economic factors, e.g., rural household income, may contribute to the agricultural water efficiency characteristics.

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Language：English   Publisher：Research Institute for Humanity and Nature（RIHN）  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

本研究では、1960年代から1990年代までの40年間を対象に、黄河全流域の水収支を半分布型水文モデルを用いて解析し、新たな黄河断流のメカニズム解明を試みた。その結果、黄河下流域の河川流量の減少の大部分（約7割）は、下流域に水を供給する黄河源流域から中流域までの河川流量の減少によるもので、残りの3割が、下流域内での水消費量の増加によることがわかった。下流域内での水消費量は主に灌漑面積の増加に伴う灌漑用水量の増加に規定されており、下流域への供給水量の減少は、黄河中流域からの流出量の減少に起因することがわかった。

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.21.0.74.0

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Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

In recent years, revitalization of urban central zone and proceeding of compactness of cities are urgently required in local cities. On this process, aiming at improvement in a living environment is necessary with redevelopment of urban central zone. Therefore, mitigation of urban heat environment is one of the most significant issues. Therefore, in this study, urban heat environment structure at the central part of Toyota city was studied. Firstly, fine land cover information was classified by utilizing the data obtained from the higher-resolution satellite image (IKONOS). Secondary, the relationship between land cover and brightness temperature obtained from LANDSAT ETM+ was verified by regression analysis. Finally, in order to mitigate the heat environment, simulation by the regression model was accomplished by greenplanting based on the greenery planning of Toyota city. In conclusion, the effectiveness of fine land cover information to the analysis of urban heat environment was shown in this study.

DOI： 10.2208/proge.16.181

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18103002/

The increases of water demand associated with rapid socioeconomic development frequently led to river flow stoppage in the Yellow River basin from the early 1970s to the late 1990s. To devise countermeasures for the water shortage, it is important to understand water demand in each region and sector (agricultural, industrial, domestic). The basin covers a vast area, and local industrial structure and natural conditions vary immensely. These societal and natural features lead to seasonal changes in water usage and water resource availability. Firstly, this study characterises the temporal and spatial structure of water supply, and demand for the entire basin are analysed based on the county/city level. Secondly, by emphasizing on the imbalance between water supply and demand, the structure of water supply and demand in the Yellow River basin from 1997 to 2000 is modelled. Copyright © 2007 IAHS Press.

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China is expected to expand its food supply in order to meet the increasing food demand of its growing population. The Yellow River basin, one of the important agriculture production bases in China, has increased agricultural production supported by improvements in productivity. However, water shortages have become more severe and the excessive use of agricultural water may worsen the problem. Therefore, the effective use of water resources is needed to achieve sustainable development of food production. We apply the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of agricultural water use in the Yellow River basin. We also identified the determinant factors affecting the water efficiencies using the Tobit model. Finally, some implications for the sustainable agricultural production in the Yellow River basin were evaluated.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis21.0.543.0

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The regional development strategy of China was converted from &amp;ldquo;Coast regional priority development strategy&amp;rdquo; to &amp;ldquo;Regional balance development strategy&amp;rdquo; in 1999. Under this strategy, Northwest China was planned to be the energy production base for local development and supplying power to the Beijing economic bloc. However, the lack of the water resource obstructs the construction of the energy production base. With this background, it is expected to achieve regional development by implementation of &amp;ldquo;Reallocation of Water Right&amp;rdquo; policy with reallocation of resources, including electric power. This study examined the resource allocation system in &amp;ldquo;Reallocation of Water Right&amp;rdquo; and calculated the volume of translatable water. Then the possibility of regional development in &amp;ldquo;Reallocation of Water Right&amp;rdquo; was analyzed. As a result, &amp;ldquo;Reallocation of Water Right&amp;rdquo; policy is effective to the provincial development. And it was clarified that the inter-provinces resources allocation is more economically effective than within one province.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.35.199

DOI： 10.2208/jscejg.66.75_references_DOI_TSuUg02YlE87HIjs2K1juu2amBi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本水道協会  

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The most severe dry-up has occurred in the downstream of the Yellow River in 1997. After that, it was legislated for the conservation of water, and was improved on the order of water use in each irrigation area. Since 2000, incidents relevant to dry-up seem to have not happened. The river water of the Yellow River at the mouth, however, continues to let low volume flow as the same as 1997. Its reasons and effect were/are studied as follows. The Yellow River project in RIHN was started to clarifying why the dry-up has occurred and what kinds of effects are to be occurred in surrounding circumstances. Now, the reason of the dry-up are considered due to the complicated factors, these are the decrease of precipitation, over-use of river water in large irrigation districts and recovery of vegetation on Loess Plateau. Though sediment production on Loess Plateau seems to decrease, the river bed in downstream of the Yellow River continues to rise up. It will enhance the danger of flood disaster in the North China Plain. On the other-hand, the environment of Bo-Hai Sea has changed in both water and material inputs from the Yellow River. Its effects are now investigated.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

China faces the need to expand its food supply in order to meet the rising food demand of its growing population. The Yellow River basin, one of the important regions in China for agriculture production, has been able to increase its production thanks to by improvements in productivity. Environmental issues, water shortages in particular, have become more serious, however, and excessive agricultural water use may worsen the situation. Therefore, the effective use of water resources is essential to avoid this water shortage. This study examined estimation technique of the efficiency of agricultural water use in the Yellow River basin by using statistical data, land use data, and hydrological model. Results from this study indicate that water use efficiency in upstream region is low, especially worsen in the large irrigation districts.

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.20.0.110.0

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Rapid socio-economic growth in the Yellow River basin has led to chronic water shortage in the lower reach of the river. In order to properly manage the water resources in a river basin, it is essential to consider various issues. For example, how can one best balance the basin&#039;s overall supply of and demand for water resources? How can one maintain a good grasp of changes in water supply and demand of each sub-region and sector (agriculture, industry, and domestic)? How can water be allocated efficiently to each sub-region and sector, while considering equity between them. This study analyze the water resource supply and demand in the overall basin, by presenting a spatial diagram of the monthly supply and demand structures of the region&#039;s water resources, from upstream to downstream. To be concrete, serious shortage of water in 1997 is reproduced by using the proposed framework. Also, standard of measures is shown by amount of water supply and demand imbalance.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.34.611

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.24.216_references_DOI_NU6T8WYzChN1tW4vfL8LMSn4xeY

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Yellow River basin faces water shortage. Therefore, change of water use by replacing food supply may affect water supply and demand balance. Food production in the basin provides food demand inside and outside of the basin through the transportation. Firstly, this study estimated food supply under change of eating habits, which is based on supply and demand proportion of food balance of year 2000 in China. Secondary, additional water use amount by change of food supply was estimated. Demand elasticity in each food item such as grain, vegetable, edible oil, meat, eggs, fisheries product, sugar, was calculated by using the Almost Ideal Demand System. Also, food transportation amount based on food surplus and deficit was calculated by transportation model. As a result in the case of income increase wheat demand in the basin and pig meat demand in out-basin have impacts on basin water duty. And in case of cereal price decline wheat and maze demand in the in-and-out of basin have more impacts on the water duty.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.34.525

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本環境管理学会  

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Yellow River basin faces water shortage. Therefore, change of water use by replacing food supply may affect water supply and demand balance. Food production in the basin provides food demand inside and outside of the basin through the transportation. Firstly, this study estimated food supply under change of eating habits, which is based on supply and demand proportion of food balance of year 2000 in China. Secondary, additional water use amount by change of food supply was estimated. Demand elasticity in each food item such as grain, vegetable, edible oil, meat, eggs, fisheries product, sugar, was calculated by using the Almost Ideal Demand System. Also, food transportation amount based on food surplus and deficit was calculated by transportation model. As a result in the case of income increase wheat demand in the basin and pig meat demand in out-basin have impacts on basin water duty. And in case of cereal price decline wheat and maze demand in the in and out of basin have more impacts on the water duty.

DOI： 10.2208/proge.14.277

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The Yellow river basin is an important region for Food production of China. However, it is the region where is suffered from serious water shortage. By this reason, it is necessary to understand whether the food supply for increase of food demand by economic growth and population increase is possible. The purpose of this study is to estimate amount of potential food supply ability under the disturbance such as natural conditions in the Yellow river basin. The productivity of the Yellow river basin and the change of cultivated areas are examined. And, the food production change is estimated by each scenario, such as natural conditions. In conclusion, the changes of food productions are shown by each region.

DOI： 10.2208/proge.14.265

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Language：English   Publisher：Research Institute for Humanity and Nature（RIHN）  

China has been very successful at growing its economy since the start of economic reform in 1978. However, this rapid growth has also brought social issues in China. Currently, income inequality among regions is becoming one of the most notable issues. Within this socio-economic change, the release of resident registration system (&quot;Hu-kou system&quot;) has resulted in a great number of population migrations, and has caused the acceleration of urbanization in China. This urbanization must impact on environment, such as water use, energy consumption, land use change and pollution, etc.This news letter measures the inequality among regions (Eastern region, Middle region, Western region) by using Gini coefficient and Theil index. Also, it estimates factors of inequality between Eastern region and Western region. Furthermore, mechanism of population migration is examined by using both nationwide time-series data and 2000 Census data.

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In the last decades, China has experienced a rapid process of urbanization, accompanied by a large flow of population migration. It is recognized that large amount of population migration and urbanization would bring impacts on regional environment. These impacts may cover many aspects, such as water use, energy consumption, land use change and pollution, etc. This paper focuses on domestic water use issue as an example.&lt;BR&gt;Firstly, the mechanism of population migration is examined by using both nationwide time-series data and 2000 Census data. Secondly, alternative scenarios of economic development, population migration and urbanization in China until year 2020 are formulated, assuming socio-economic and policy scenarios in the future. Finally, impact of population migration on domestic water use is evaluated.

DOI： 10.2208/proge.14.271

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This paper studies China&#039;s population migration and its environmental implications taking domestic water use as an example. Firstly, mechanisms of population migration between provinces and between rural and urban areas are analyzed by regression models. Secondly, future scenarios integrating economic development, population migration and urbanization up until 2020 are developed. Finally, the implication of population migration for domestic water use is examined.&lt;BR&gt;The major findings are as follows: a) income gap, migration stock and distance are main determinants of inter-provincial migration; b) In 2020, population migration will cause domestic water use increase by 7.2% in Eastern Region, and decrease by 5.5% and 4.9% in Middle and Western Regions respectively.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.34.515

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A multitude of economic activities in the Yellow River basin in China depend on the finite water resources supplied within that watershed. Meanwhile rapid economic growth, particularly in recent years, has led to chronic water shortages in the middle and lower reaches of the river. To properly manage the water resources in a river basin that faces such conditions, it is essential to consider various issues. For example, how can one best balance the basin&#039;s overall supply of and demand for water resources? How can one maintain a good grasp of changes in water supply and demand of each sub-region and sector (agriculture, industry, and domestic)? How can water be allocated efficiently (in both the physical and economic sense) to each sub-region and sector, while considering equity between them. This study proposes a water resource management analysis framework to help ascertain and analyze the water resource supply and demand in the overall basin, by presenting a spatial diagram of the supply and demand balance of the region&#039;s water resources, from upstream to downstream, using counties and cities as the basic units of the model. In addition, using the proposed framework, this study analyzes the supply and demand structure of water resources of the entire basin, using data on the flow stoppages that were observed in 1997, but not observed in 2000.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.33.477

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.24.216_references_DOI_49JYkueCWUOunoZWqoPiSllmA8g

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After agriculture reform of 1978, the Chinese agriculture faced dramatic conversion. This change leaded increasing of food production under maintaining high productivity. Yellow River basin, which is an eminent grain production area in China, needed to hurry to produce more grain in order to support increased population and economic development of China. However, existing studies that grasped the reality of long-term grain production in regional levels of this Yellow River basin has been not yet completed. Therefore, by this study, we classify Yellow River basin by a local characteristic and analyze change of grain productivity and its factors. Firstly, we collected available data by prefecture and city levels and classified it in five basins, upstream basin, midstream basin, downstream basin, Fen river basin and Wei river basin. Secondary, year of 1980, 1991, 1997 and 2000 were set as study object periods. Thirdly, we showed a chronological change of five different basins of grain productivity and its factors. Finally, multiple regression analysis was performed to show influence of the factors to grain productivity. As a result, influences of the factors to grain productivity were totally different in 5 basins and year changes.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.33.79

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本環境共生学会本部事務局  

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