担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY  

Mammalian epidermis is composed of four morphologically and functionally distinct layers of keratinocytes. The innermost basal layer consists of proliferating self-renewing keratinocytes, which also undergo asymmetric cell division to differentiate into postmitotic suprabasal cells throughout life. Control of the balance between growth and differentiation of basal cells is important for epidermal homeostasis to prevent skin disorders including malignancies; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Recently, MafB was identified as one of the transcription factors that regulate epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. MafB is expressed in postmitotic differentiating keratinocytes, and epidermal differentiation is partially impaired in MafB-deficient mice. To further establish the roles of MafB in the epidermis in vivo, we generated mice transgenic for MafB under the control of the basal cell-specific keratin (Krt) 14 promoter. In the epidermis of transgenic mice at embryonic day 18.5, the number of proliferating Krt14-positive basal-like cells was increased, and the granular and cornified layers were thickened. Furthermore, these MafB transgenic mice developed papillomas spontaneously with age. Therefore, MafB promotes differentiation in postmitotic keratinocytes and simultaneously has potential to promote growth when ectopically expressed in undifferentiated basal keratinocytes.

DOI： 10.1111/exd.13364

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Mammalian epidermis is a stratified epithelium composed of distinct layers of keratinocytes. The outermost cornified layer is a primary barrier that consists of a cornified envelope, an insoluble structure assembled by cross-linked scaffold proteins, and a surrounding mixture of lipids. Skin keratinocytes undergo a multistep differentiation process, but the mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. We demonstrate that the transcription factor MafB is expressed in differentiating keratinocytes in mice and is transcriptionally upregulated upon human keratinocyte differentiation in vitro. In MafB-deficient mice, epidermal differentiation was partially impaired and the cornified layer was thinner than in wild-type mice. On the basis of transcriptional profiling, we detected reduced expression levels of a subset of cornified envelope genes, for example, filaggrin and repetin, in the MafB(-/-) epidermis. By contrast, the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes, such as Alox12e and Smpd3, increased. The upregulated genes in the MafB(-/-) epidermis were enriched for putative target genes of the transcription factors Gata3, Grhl3, and Klf4. Immunohistochemical analysis of skin biopsy samples revealed that the expression levels of filaggrin and MafB were significantly reduced in patients with human atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Our results indicate that MafB is a component of the gene expression program that regulates epidermal keratinocyte differentiation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.088

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER-VERLAG ITALIA SRL  

MafA is a critical regulator of insulin expression and mature beta-cell function. MafA binds to the insulin promoter through its carboxyl-terminal basic domain-leucine zipper (bZip) region and activates transcription synergistically with the beta-cell-enriched transactivators Beta2 (NeuroD1) and Pdx1. MafA protein is highly phosphorylated in beta-cells, and phosphorylation at multiple sites within its amino-terminal region is critical for its DNA-binding and transactivating abilities, as well as for regulation of its degradation. Here, we investigated whether phosphorylation of MafA affects its interaction with Beta2.
By mutational analysis, we identified interaction domains of MafA and Beta2. Using in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), we explored mechanism of phosphorylation-dependent binding of MafA with Beta2. We also searched for a pathophysiological condition that would induce lower levels of MafA phosphorylation.
Mutational analysis revealed that the phosphorylation sites within the amino-terminal region of MafA were not necessary for interaction with Beta2. In situ PLA suggested that phosphorylation induces conformational or configurational changes in MafA, thereby regulating the interaction with Beta2. We also found that long-term culture of the MIN6 insulinoma cell line under high-glucose conditions resulted in a decrease in beta-cell-specific transcripts including insulin, along with a decrease in MafA phosphorylation and DNA binding.
Phosphorylation of MafA plays a critical role in beta-cell function by regulating multiple functionalities, including binding to DNA, interaction with Beta2, and transactivation.

DOI： 10.1007/s00592-016-0853-1

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Haploinsufficiency of the Gata3 gene, which encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor, is associated with the disorder hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome in humans. However, the roles of Gata3 in transcriptional regulation in the parathyroid glands are not well-understood. In this study, we show that Gata3 activates transcription of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is secreted from parathyroid glands and is critical for regulating serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Gata3 interacted with Gcm2 and MafB, two known transcriptional regulators of parathyroid development, and synergistically stimulated the PTH promoter. An SP1-binding element (GC box) located within the PTH-promoter proximal region was critical for activating transcription by Gata3. In addition, the ubiquitous transcription factor SP1 also interacted with Gata3 as well as MafB and Gcm2, and HDR syndromeassociated Gata3 mutants were defective in activating the PTH promoter. These results suggest that Gata3 is a critical regulator of PTH gene expression. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.018

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD  

Apoptosis is an important mechanism for sculpting morphology. However, the molecular cascades that control apoptosis in developing limb buds remain largely unclear. Here, we show that MafB was specifically expressed in apoptotic regions of chick limb buds, and MafB/cFos heterodimers repressed apoptosis, whereas MafB/cJun heterodimers promoted apoptosis for sculpting the shape of the limbs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in chick limb buds identified potential target genes and regulatory elements controlled by Maf and Jun. Functional analyses revealed that expression of p63 and p73, key components known to arrest the cell cycle, was directly activated by MafB and cJun. Our data suggest that dimeric combinations of MafB, cFos and cJun in developing chick limb buds control the number of apoptotic cells, and that MafB/cJun heterodimers lead to apoptosis via activation of p63 and p73.

DOI： 10.1242/dev.099150

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis is critically regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands. Parathyroid glands develop from the bilateral parathyroid-thymus common primordia. In mice, the expression of transcription factor Glial cell missing 2 (Gcm2) begins in the dorsal/anterior part of the primordium on embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5), specifying the parathyroid domain. The parathyroid primordrium then separates from the thymus primordium and migrates to its adult location beside the thyroid gland by E15.5. Genetic ablation of gcm2 results in parathyroid agenesis in mice, indicating that Gcm2 is essential for early parathyroid organogenesis. However, the regulation of parathyroid development at later stages is not well understood. Here we show that transcriptional activator v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue B (MafB) is developmentally expressed in parathyroid cells after E11.5. MafB expression was lost in the parathyroid primordium of gcm2 null mice. The parathyroid glands of mafB(+/-) mice were mislocalized between the thymus and thyroid. In mafB(-/-) mice, the parathyroid did not separate from the thymus. Furthermore, in mafB(-/-) mice, PTH expression and secretion were impaired; expression levels of renal cyp27b1, one of the target genes of PTH, was decreased; and bone mineralization was reduced. We also demonstrate that although Gcm2 alone does not stimulate the PTH gene promoter, it associates with MafB to synergistically activate PTH expression. Taken together, our results suggest that MafB regulates later steps of parathyroid development, that is, separation from the thymus and migration toward the thyroid. MafB also regulates the expression of PTH in cooperation with Gcm2. (C) 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

DOI： 10.1002/jbmr.458

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD  

MAFA is a member of the MAF family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors and is a critical regulator of insulin gene expression and islet beta-cell function. To be degraded by the proteasome, MAFA must be phosphorylated by GSK3 and MAP kinases at multiple serine and threonine residues (Ser49, Thr53, Thr57, Ser61, and Ser65) within its amino-terminal domain. In this study, we report that MAFA degradation is stimulated by PA28 gamma (REG gamma and PSME3), a member of a family of proteasome activators that bind and activate the 20S proteasome. To date, only a few PA28 gamma-proteasome pathway substrates have been identified, including steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC3) and the cell cycle inhibitor p21 (CIP1). PA28 gamma binds to MAFA, induces its proteasomal degradation, and thereby attenuates MAFA-driven transcriptional activation of the insulin promoter. Co-expression of GSK3 enhanced the PA28 gamma-mediated degradation of MAFA, but mutants that contained alanine substitutions at the MAFA phosphorylation sites did not bind PA28 gamma and were resistant to degradation. We also found that a PA28 gamma mutant (N151Y) that did not stimulate p21 degradation enhanced MAFA degradation, and another mutant (K188D) that promoted greater p21 degradation did not enhance MAFA degradation. These results suggest that PA28 gamma stimulates MAFA degradation through a novel molecular mechanism that is distinct from that for the degradation of p21.

DOI： 10.1530/JME-11-0044

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Pancreatic beta-cell-restricted expression of insulin is established through several critical cis-regulatory elements located in the insulin gene promoter region. The principal cis elements are A-boxes, E1, and C1/RIPE3b. The beta-cell-enriched transcription factors Pdx1 and Beta2 bind to the A-boxes and E1 element, respectively. A beta-cell-specific trans-acting factor binding to C1/RIPE3b (termed RIPE3b1 activator) was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and has been identified as MafA, a member of the Maf family of basic leucine zipper (bZip) proteins. Here, ATF2, a member of the ATF/CREB family of basic leucine zipper proteins, was identified as a component of the RIPE3b1 activator. ATF2 alone was unable to bind to the C1/RIPE3b element but acquired binding capacity upon complex formation with MafA. ATF2 also interacted with Pdx1 and Beta2, and co-expression of ATF2, MafA, Pdx1, and Beta2 resulted in a synergistic activation of the insulin promoter. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse pancreas tissue sections showed that ATF2 is enriched in islet endocrine cells, including beta-cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of MafA or ATF2 in the MIN6 beta-cell line resulted in a significant decrease in endogenous levels of insulin mRNA. These data indicate that ATF2 is an essential component of the positive regulators of the insulin gene expression.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M110.209510

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER DIABETES ASSOC  

OBJECTIVE-Tissue-specific self-antigens are ectopically expressed within the thymus and play an important role in the induction of central tolerance. Insulin is expressed in both pancreatic islets and the thymus and is considered to be the primary antigen for type 1 diabetes. Here, we report the role of the insulin transactivator MafA in the expression of insulin in the thymus and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-The expression profiles of transcriptional factors (Rix I, NeuroD, Mafa, and Aire) in pancreatic islets and the thymus were examined in nonobese diabetic (NOD) and control mice. Thymic Ins2 expression and serum autoantibodies were examined in Mafa knockout mice. Luciferase reporter assay was performed for newly identified polymorphisms of mouse Mafa and human MAFA. A case-control study was applied for human MAFA polymorphisms.
RESULTS-Mafa, Ins2, and Aire expression was detected in the thymus. Mafa expression was lower in NOD thymus than in the control and was correlated with Ins2 expression. Targeted disruption of MafA reduced thymic Ins2 expression and induced autoantibodies against pancreatic islets. Functional polymorphisms of MafA were newly identified in NOD mice and humans, and polymorphisms of human MAFA were associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes but not to autoimmune thyroid disease.
CONCLUSIONS-These data indicate that functional polymorphisms of MafA are associated with reduced expression of insulin in the thymus and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse as well as human type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 59: 2579-2587, 2010

DOI： 10.2337/db10-0476

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Dysregulated expression of Maf proteins (namely c-Maf, MafA and MafB) leads to multiple myeloma in humans and oncogenic transformation of chicken embryonic fibroblasts. Maf proteins are transcriptional activators of tissue-specific gene expression and regulators of cell differentiation. For example, MafA is a critical regulator of crystallin genes and the lens differentiation program in chickens. In mammals, MafA is essential for the development of mature insulin-producing beta-cells of pancreas. It has been shown that MafA protein stability is regulated by phosphorylations at multiple serine and threonine residues. Here, we report that Maf proteins are also post-translationally modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins at a conserved lysine residue in the amino-terminal transactivator domain. A SUMOylation-deficient mutant of MafA (K32R) was more potent than wild-type MafA in transactivating luciferase reporter construct driven by alpha A-crystallin or insulin gene promoter. In ovo electroporation into developing chicken embryo showed that the K32R mutant induced ectopic delta-crystallin gene expression more efficiently than the wild-type MafA. We also demonstrated that the K32R mutant had enhanced ability to induce colony formation of a chicken fibroblast cell line DF-1. Therefore, SUMOylation is a functional post-translational modification of MafA that negatively regulates its transcriptional and transforming activities.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01431.x

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Background: The hair follicle of mammalian skin consists of a group of concentric epithelial cell layers. The inner root sheath (IRS), which surrounds the hardening hair shaft beneath the skin surface, is subdivided into three layers, termed the cuticle of the IRS. Huxley's layer, and Henle's layer. The IRS forms a follicular wall in the hair canal and helps guide the developing hair shaft. c-Maf and MafB, members of the Maf family of transcription factors, play important roles in the developmental processes of various tissues and in cell type-specific gene expression.
Objective: The aim of this study is to reveal the pattern of expression and functional roles of c-Maf and MafB in the hair follicle.
Methods: We determined the precise location of c-Maf and MafB expression using immunofluorescent staining of mouse skin sections with layer-specific markers. We also analyzed whiskers of c-maf- and mafB-null mice (c-maf(-/-) and mafB(-/-), respectively) using scanning electron microscopy.
Results: c-Maf and MafB were differentially expressed in the Huxley's and Henle's layers of the IRS. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed irregular cuticle patterning of whiskers of c-maf(-/-) and mafB(-/-) mice. The cuticles of mafB(-/-) mice were also thinner than those of wild-type mice.
Conclusion: c-Maf and MafB are expressed in the IRS layers in a lineage-restricted manner and are involved in hair morphogenesis. (C) 2009 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.12.011

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Phthalate esters are commonly used plasticizers; however, some are suspected to cause reproductive toxicity. Administration of high doses of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) induces germ cell death in male rodents. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a hydrolyzed metabolite of DEHP, appears to be responsible for this testicular toxicity; however, the underlying mechanism of this chemical's action remains unknown. Here, using a one-step affinity purification procedure, we identified glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE) as a phthalate-binding protein. GDE has oligo-1,4-1,4-glucanotransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase activities, which are responsible for the complete degradation of glycogen to glucose. Our findings demonstrate that MEHP inhibits the activity of oligo-1,4-1,4-glucanotransferase, but not of amylo-1,6-glucosidase. Among various phthalate esters tested, MEHP specifically binds to and inhibits GDE. We also show that DEHP administration affects glycogen metabolism in rat testis. Thus, inhibition of GDE by MEHP may play a role in germ cell apoptosis in the testis.

DOI： 10.1093/toxsci/kfp041

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Viral capsids of simian virus 40 (SV40) are highly efficient gene delivery vehicles that infect a broad range of cells and tissues. To develop a controlled, cell type-specific delivery system, we sought to display foreign peptides on the capsid surface by genetically manipulating the major capsid protein Vp1. Here we report the identification of two sites within the surface loops of Vp1 that can accommodate foreign peptides in such a way that the foreign peptides are displayed on the surface of the virus-like particles (VLPs) without interfering with VLP assembly or the packaging of viral DNA. Insertion of Flag-tags but not RGD integrin-binding motifs at these sites strongly inhibited cell attachment of VLPs, which normally associate with host cells through cell surface molecules such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and ganglioside GM1. Instead, VLPs carrying the RGD motifs bound to integrin in vitro and to the cell surface in an RGD-dependent manner. Thus, insertion of foreign sequences into the surface loops of Vp1 can reduce natural virus-cell interactions and even confer an ability to bind to a new target receptor. This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of this strategy for the development of novel delivery vehicles with different cell tropisms. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.012

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The capsid of SV40 is regarded as a potential nano-capsule for delivery of biologically active materials. The SV40 capsid is composed of 72 pentamers of the VP1 major capsid protein and 72 copies of the minor coat proteins VP2/3. We have previously demonstrated that, when expressed in insect Sf9 cells by the baculovirus system, VP1 self-assembles into virus-like particles (VP1-VLPs), which are morphologically indistinguishable from the SV40 virion and can be easily purified. Here, we show that heterologous proteins fused to VP2/3 can be efficiently incorporated into the VP1-VLPs. Using EGFP as a model protein, we have optimized this encapsulation system and found that fusion to the C-terminus of VP2/3 is preferable and that the C-terminal VP1-interaction domain of VP2/3 is sufficient for incorporation into VLPs. The VLPs encapsulating EGFP retain the ability to attach to the cell surface and enter the cells. Using this system, we have encapsulated yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD), a prodrug-modifying enzyme that converts 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil, into VLPs. When CV-1 cells are challenged by the yCD-encapsulating VLPs, they become sensitive to 5-fluorocytosine-induced cell death. Therefore, proteins of interest can be encapsulated in VP1-VLPs by fusion to VP2/3 and successfully delivered to cells. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.12.006

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Atrazine is a widely used triazine herbicide. Although controversy still exists, a number of recent studies have described its adverse effects on various animals including humans. Of particular interest is its effects on reproductive capacity. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of atrazine, with a focus on its effects on sperm. Here we show evidence that mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase is a molecular target of atrazine. A series of experiments with sperm and isolated mitochondria suggest that atrazine inhibits mitochondrial function through F1F0-ATP synthase. Moreover, affinity purification using atrazine as a ligand demonstrates that F1F0-ATP synthase is a major atrazine-binding protein in cells. The inhibitory activity against mitochondria and F1F0-ATP synthase is not limited to atrazine but is likely to be applicable to other triazine-based compounds. Thus, our findings may have wide relevance to pharmacology and toxicology. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.107

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

The simian virus 40 (SV40) particle is mainly composed of the major capsid protein termed VP1. VP1 self-assembles into virus-like particles (VLPs) of approximately 40 nm in diameter when over-expressed in bacteria or in insect cells, but purified VP1 does not form such a structure under physiological conditions, and thus, the mechanism of VP1 assembly is not well understood. Using a highly purified VP1 assembly/disassembly system in vitro, here we provide evidence that DNA is a factor that contributes to VP1 assembly into 40-nm spherical particles. At pH 5, for example, VP1 preferentially assembles into 40-nm particles in the presence of DNA, whereas VP1 assembles into tubular structures in the absence of DNA. Electron microscopic observations revealed that the concentration of DNA and its length are important for the formation of 40-nm particles. In addition, sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis and DNase I-sensitivity assays indicated that DNA of up to 2000 bp is packaged into the 40-nm particles under the conditions examined. We propose that DNA may facilitate the formation of 40-nm spherical particles by acting as a scaffold that increases the local concentration of VP1 and/or by acting as an allosteric effector that alters the structure of VP1.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01134.x

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose in pancreatic beta cells is largely dependent on a cis-regulatory element, termed RIPE3b/C1, in the insulin gene promoter. MafA, a member of the Maf family of basic leucine zipper (bZip) proteins, is a beta-cell-specific transcriptional activator that binds to the C1 element. Based on increased C1-binding activity, MafA protein levels appear to be up-regulated in response to glucose, but the underlying molecular mechanism for this is not well understood. In this study, we show evidence supporting that the amino-terminal region of MafA is phosphorylated at multiple sites by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in beta cells. Mutational analysis of MafA and pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 in MIN6 beta cells strongly suggest that the rate of MafA protein degradation is regulated by glucose, that MafA is constitutively phosphorylated by GSK3, and that phosphorylation is a prerequisite for rapid degradation of MafA under low-glucose conditions. Our data suggest a new glucose-sensing signaling pathway in islet beta cells that regulates insulin gene expression through the regulation of MafA protein stability.

DOI： 10.1128/MCB.01573-06

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

Organ formation requires spatio-temporal proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells. During lens development, placodal cells in the posterior lens vesicle exit from the cell cycle and enter into the process of differentiation. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors play critical roles in cell cycle exit and promote differentiation in several tissues. We have found that p27kip1 is expressed in the posterior lens cells that undergo differentiation to form the differentiated fiber cells. The transcription factor L-Maf is expressed in these cells earlier than p27kip1. From in ovo gain- or loss-of-function experiments, we have found that L-Maf can, respectively, induce or inhibit the expression of p27kip1 in lens cells. Promoter assays using the 5' upstream sequences of the human p27kip1 gene indicate that L-Maf can activate p27kip1 transcription through the basal regulatory region. We suggest that L-Maf regulates cell cycle exit of the posterior lens cells by activating p27kip1, and thus directs fiber cell differentiation during lens formation in chick.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00171.x

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：JAPANESE BIOCHEMICAL SOC  

Maf family transcription factors are regulators of tissue-specific gene expression and cell-differentiation in a wide variety of tissues and are also involved in human diseases and oncogenic transformation. To establish tissue-specific expression, Maf binds to Maf-recognition elements (MAREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes, and functionally interacts with other transcription factors. For example, L-Maf and c-Maf, which are specifically expressed in developing lens cells, act synergistically with Sox proteins to induce lens-specific crystalline genes. MafA, a beta-cell-specific member of the Maf family, activates the insulin gene promoter synergistically with Pdx1 and Beta2 to establish beta-cell specific expression. Furthermore, in beta-cells, MafA activity is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels by glucose and oxidative stress. This review summarizes the functions and roles of Maf in various biological processes and recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms whereby Maf proteins regulate transcription.

DOI： 10.1093/jb/mvm105

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Aims/hypothesis Effects of the transcription factor v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue A (MAFA) on the regulation of beta cell gene expression and function were investigated.
Materials and methods INS-1 stable cell lines permitting inducible up- or downregulation of this transcription factor were established.
Results MAFA overproduction enhanced and its dominant-negative mutant (DN-MAFA) diminished binding of the factor to the insulin promoter, correlating with insulin mRNA levels and cellular protein content. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was facilitated by MAFA and blunted by DN-MAFA. This is partly due to alterations in glucokinase production, the glucose sensor of beta cells. In addition, the expression of important beta cell genes, e.g. those encoding solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2 (formerly known as GLUT2), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor 1 (PDX1), NK6 transcription factor-related, locus 1 (NKX6-1), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R), prohormone convertase 1/3 (PCSK1) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC), was regulated positively by MAFA and negatively by DN-MAFA.
Conclusions/interpretations The data suggest that MAFA is not only a key activator of insulin transcription, but also a master regulator of genes implicated in maintaining beta cell function, in particular metabolism-secretion coupling, proinsulin processing and GLP1R signalling. Our in vitro study provides molecular targets that explain the phenotype of recently reported Mafa-null mice. We also demonstrate that MAFA is produced specifically in beta cells of human islets. Glucose influenced DNA-binding activity of MAFA in rat islets in a bell-shaped manner. MAFA thus qualifies as a master regulator of beta-cell-specific gene expression and function.

DOI： 10.1007/s00125-006-0490-2

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：5  

Insulin is a critical hormone in the regulation of blood glucose levels. It is produced exclusively by pancreatic islet β-cells. β-cell-enriched transcription factors, such as Pdx1 and Beta2, have dual roles in the activation of the insulin gene promoter establishing β-cell-specific insulin expression, and in the regulation of β-cell differentiation. It was shown that MafA, a β-cell-specific member of the Maf family of transcription factors, binds to the conserved C1/RIPE3b element of the insulin promoter. The Maf family proteins regulate tissue-specific gene expression and cell differentiation in a wide variety of tissues. MafA acts synergistically with Pdx1 and Beta2 to activate the insulin gene promoter, and mice with a targeted deletion of mafA develop age-dependent diabetes. MafA also regulates genes involved in β-cell function such as Glucose transporter 2, Glucagons-like peptide 1 receptor, and Prohormone convertase 1/3. The abundance of MafA in β-cells is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels by glucose and oxidative stress. This review summarizes recent progress in determining the functions and roles of MafA in the regulation of insulin gene transcription in β-cells.

DOI： 10.1507/endocrj.KR-101

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

The SV40 capsid is composed primarily of 72 pentamers of the VP1 major capsid protein. Although the capsid also contains the minor capsid protein VP2 and its amino-terminally truncated form VP3, their roles in capsid assembly remain unknown. An in vitro assembly system was used to investigate the role of VP2 in the assembly of recombinant VP1 pentamers. Under physiological salt and pH conditions, VP1 alone remained dissociated, and at pH 5.0, it assembled into tubular structures. A stoichiometric amount of VP2 allowed the assembly of VP1 pentamers into spherical particles in a pH range of 7.0 to 4.0. Electron microscopy observation, sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis, and antibody accessibility tests showed that VP2 is incorporated into VP1 particles. The functional domains of VP2 important for VP1 binding and for enhancing VP1 assembly were further explored with a series of VP2 deletion mutants. VP3 also enhanced VP1 assembly, and a region common to VP2 and VP3 (amino acids 119-272) was required to promote VP1 pentamer assembly. These results are relevant for controlling recombinant capsid formation in vitro, which is potentially useful for the in vitro development of SV40 virus vectors.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M511261200

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Specific expression of the insulin gene in pancreatic islet beta-cells requires multiple cis-regulatory elements in its promoter. Pdx1, MafA, and Beta2 have been identified as beta-cell enriched transcription factors that bind to these elements. Pdx1 has been shown to bind to A1, A3, A5, and GG2, and Beta2 binds to E1 by forming a heterodimer with the ubiquitous factor E47. MafA was recently identified as a Cl-element binding factor. However, interactions between these factors and the promoter have not been characterized in detail. In this report, we show that these transactivators synergistically stimulate insulin promoter activity. Among multiple binding sites for Pdx1, MafA, and Beta2, at least GG2, Cl, and El elements located in the promoter region between - 150 and - 100 base pairs are necessary for the synergism. We also found that neither MafB nor c-Maf, close relatives of MafA, showed synergistic activation. These results suggest that co-expression and functional synergism of these beta-cell enriched transactivators, MafA, Pdx1, and Beta2, are critical for establishing the beta-cell-specific and efficient expression of the insulin gene. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.05.009

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Since the development of affinity chromatography, affinity purification technology has been applied to many aspects of biological research, becoming an indispensable tool. Efficient strategies for the identification of biologically active compounds based on biochemical specificity have not yet been established, despite widespread interest in identifying chemicals that directly alter biomolecular functions. Here, we report a novel method for purifying chemicals that specifically interact with a target biomolecule using reverse affinity beads, a receptor-immobilized high-performance solid-phase matrix. When FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) immobilized beads were used in this process, FK506 was efficiently purified in one step either from a mixture of chemical compounds or from fermented broth extract. The reverse affinity beads facilitated identification of drug/receptor complex binding proteins by reconstitution of immobilized ligand/receptor complexes on the beads. When FKBP12/FK506 and FKBP12/rapamycin complexes were immobilized, calcineurin and FKBP/rapamycin-associated protein were purified from a crude cell extract, respectively. These data indicate that reverse affinity beads are powerful tools for identification of both specific ligands and proteins that interact with receptor/ligand complexes. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ab.2004.10.006

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Rep78/68 proteins of adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) are involved in many aspects of the viral life cycle, including replication, gene expression, and site-specific integration. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the actions of Rep proteins, we searched for Rep68-interacting cellular proteins by utilizing a one-step affinity purification technique and identified two members of 14-3-3 proteins (14-3-3 epsilon and gamma). We found that phosphorylation of (535)Ser at the carboxy terminus of Rep68 was critical for its association with 14-3-3. The association of 14-3-3 proteins to Rep68 resulted in reduction of the affinity of Rep68 for DNA. Furthermore, genome DNA replication of a recombinant mutant virus carrying a phosphorylation-deficient Rep68 (Ser535Ala) was more efficient than that of the wild-type virus. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Rep68 and subsequent association with 14-3-3 proteins regulates Rep-mediated functions during the AAV life cycle. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2003.11.024

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY  

A basic-leucine zipper transcription factor, MafA, was recently identified as one of the most important transactivators of insulin gene expression. This protein controls the glucose-regulated and pancreatic beta-cell-specific expression of the insulin gene through a cis-regulatory element called RIPE3b/MARE (Maf-recognition element). Here, we show that MafA expression is restricted to beta-cells of pancreatic islets in vivo and in insulinoma cell lines. We also demonstrate that c-Maf, another member of the Maf family of transcription factors, is expressed in islet alpha-cells and in a glucagonoma cell line (alphaTC1), but not in gamma- and delta-cells. An insulinoma cell line, betaTC6, also expressed c-Maf, albeit at a low level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Maf proteins associate with insulin and glucagon promoters in beta- and alpha-cell lines, respectively. c-Maf protein stimulated glucagon promoter activity in a transient luciferase assay, and activation of the glucagon promoter by c-Maf was more efficient than by the other alpha-cell-enriched transcription factors, Cdx2, Pax6, and lsl-1. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Maf expression in aTC1 cells by specific short hairpin RNA resulted in marked reduction of the glucagon promoter activity. Thus, c-Maf and MafA are differentially expressed in alpha- and beta-cells where they regulate glucagon and insulin gene expression, respectively.

DOI： 10.1677/jme.0.0320009

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY  

The LIM homeodomain protein Islet-1 (Isl1), one of the earliest markers for motor neuron differentiation, is also expressed in all classes of islet cells in the pancreas. Isl1 is known to bind and regulate the promoters of the insulin, glucagon and somatostatin genes. In this study, we describe isolation of a novel Isl1 cDNA species from the mouse islet P cell line betaTC6, which arose from the utilization of an alternative splicing acceptor site in the fifth exon. This shorter cDNA encodes an Isl1 isoform (Isl1-beta) lacking the carboxy-terminal 23 amino acids of the previously reported product Isl1-alpha. Although the level of Isl1-beta mRNA is much lower than that of Isl1-alpha, isl1-beta is preferentially expressed in murine insulinoma cell lines but not in glucagonoma cell line. Upon transient transfection, both Isl1-alpha and Isl1-beta accumulate in the nuclei of murine insulinoma cells. We found that Isl1-beta is a relatively more potent transcriptional activator of the insulin promoter than Isl1-alpha and that the Isl1-alpha isoform undergoes phosphorylation. Therefore, the transcriptional activity of Isl1 is potentially regulated by the alternative splicing of its mRNA and by phosphorylation.

DOI： 10.1677/jme.0.0310419

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

We have constructed artificial AP-1 proteins containing elements derived from yeast GCN4 and from the herpes simplex virus activator VP16. These proteins can only homodimerize but do not heterodimerize, and lacking significant homology to Jun outside the DNA-binding domain, they are largely unaffected by proteins that modulate Jun. Constructs in which the transactivation domain of GCN4 is replaced by that of VP16 induce oncogenic transformation in cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts. The availability of transforming VP16-GCN4 fusion proteins permits an evaluation of downstream target genes, based on the hypothesis that transformation-relevant targets should be common between Jun and the artificial AP-1 proteins. In a pilot study, we examined the expression of several Jun target genes in cells transformed by the VP16-GCN4 fusions and found that some of the Jun targets are not upregulated by the GCN4-derived transforming construct, suggesting that their upregulation in Jun-transformed cells is not essential for cell transformation. We have further constructed a regulatable GCN4-VP16 protein that will permit a kinetic characterization of target gene responses and will facilitate discrimination between direct and indirect targets.

DOI： 10.1038/sj.onc.1206527

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

The maf oncogene of the avian oncogenic retrovirus AS42 encodes a nuclear bZip protein, v-Maf, that recognizes sequences related to the AP-1 target site. The corresponding cellular protein, c-Maf belongs to a family of related bZip proteins together with MafA and MafB. In this paper, we compare the transactivation and cell transforming abilities of MafA and MafB along with two forms of the c-Maf protein. These proteins induce cellular transformation when expressed in chicken embryo fibroblasts. In reporter assays, MafA is a much less effective transactivator than the other Maf proteins, but unexpectedly shows the strongest activity in cell transformation. Chimeras of MafA and MOB correlate the strong cell transforming ability of MafA with its DNA-binding domain. The DNA-binding domain of MafA is also correlated with weak transactivation. Additional mutagenesis experiments show that transactivation and transformation by MafA are also controlled by phosphorylation of two conserved serine residues in the transactivation domain. Finally, we constructed MafA-estrogen receptor fusion molecules that show tightly hormone-dependent cell transforming ability. These regulatable constructs permit a kinetic characterization of target gene responses and facilitate discrimination between direct and indirect targets.

DOI： 10.1038/sj.onc.1206526

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY  

The simian virus 40 (SV40) capsid is composed of 72 pentamers of VP1, the major protein of SV40. These pentamers are arranged in a T = 7d icosahedral surface lattice, which is maintained by three types of appropriately arranged, non-equivalent interactions between the pentamers. However, it remains unclear how these interactions are achieved. In this study, the in vitro assembly of recombinant VP1 was analysed. Electron microscopy observations revealed that these recombinant VP1 proteins assembled into structurally polymorphic particles depending on environmental conditions. VP1 pentamers assembled efficiently into virus-like particles (VLPs) when high concentrations of ammonium sulfate were present. However, in the presence of 1 M NaCl and 2 mM CaCl2 at neutral pH, VP1 pentamers formed not only VLPs but also produced tiny T = 1 icosahedral particles and tubular structures. The exclusion of CaCl2 resulted in the exclusive formation of tiny particles. In contrast, in the presence of 150 mM NaCl at pH 5, the VP1 pentamers produced only extraordinarily long tubular structures. VP1 is thus quite unique in that it can assemble into such diverse structures. These observations provide clues that will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying SV40 capsid formation.

DOI： 10.1099/vir.0.19067-0

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

The insulin gene is specifically expressed in beta-cells of the Langerhans islets of the pancreas, and its transcription is regulated by the circulating glucose level. Previous reports have shown that an unidentified beta-cell-specific nuclear factor binds to a conserved cis-regulatory element called RIPE3b and is critical for its glucose-regulated expression. Based on the sequence similarity of the RIPE3b element and the consensus binding sequence of the Maf family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors, we here identified mammalian homologue of avian MaLA/L-Maf, an eye-specific member of the Maf family, as the RIPE3b-binding transcriptional activator. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that mafA mRNA is detected only in the eyes and in pancreatic beta-cells and not in alpha-cells. MafA protein as well as its mRNA is up-regulated by glucose, consistent with the glucose-regulated binding of MafA to the RIPE3b element in beta-cell nuclear extracts. In transient luciferase assays, we also showed that expression of MafA greatly enhanced insulin promoter activity and that a dominant-negative form of MafA inhibited it. Therefore, MafA is a beta-cell-specific and glucose-regulated transcriptional activator for insulin gene expression and thus may be involved in the function and development of beta-cells as well as in the pathogenesis of diabetes.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M206796200

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Reduction-oxidation (redox) regulation has been implicated in the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. However, the significance and mechanism of the redox regulation remain elusive, mainly due to the technical limitations caused by rapid proton transfer in redox reactions and by the presence of many redox molecules within cells. Here we establish versatile methods for measuring redox states of proteins and their individual cysteine residues in vitro and in vivo, involving thiol-modifying reagents and LC-MS analysis. Using these methods, we demonstrate that the redox state of NF-kappaB is spatially regulated by its subcellular localization. While the p65 subunit and most cysteine residues of the p50 subunit are reduced similarly in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, Cys-62 of p50 is highly oxidized in the cytoplasm and strongly reduced in the nucleus. The reduced form of Cys-62 is essential for the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB Several lines of evidence suggest that the redox factor Ref-1 is involved in Cys-62 reduction in the nucleus. We propose that the Ref-1-dependent reduction of p50 in the nucleus is a necessary step for NF-kappaB activation. This study also provides the first example of a drug that inhibits the redox reaction between two specific proteins.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M202970200

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

The transcription factor hGABP/E4TF1 is a heterotetrameric complex composed of two DNA-binding subunits (hGABPalpha/E4TF1-60) and two transactivating subunits (hGABPbeta/E4TF1-53). In order to understand the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation by hGABP, we searched for proteins that interact with the non-DNA-binding subunit, hGABPbeta, using yeast two-hybrid screening. We identified a human cDNA encoding a protein related to YAF-2 (YY1-associated factor 2), which was previously isolated as an interacting partner of the Ying-Yang-1 (YY1) transcription factor. Reflecting this similarity, both YAF-2 and this novel protein (named YEAF1 for YY1- and E4TF1/hGABP-associated factor-1) interacted with hGABPbeta and YY1 in vitro and in vivo, indicating that YEAF1 and YAF-2 constitute a cofactor family for these two structurally distinct transcription factors. By using yeast three-hybrid assay, we demonstrated that hGABPbeta and YY1 formed a complex only in the presence of YEAF1, indicating that YEAF1 is a bridging factor of these two transcription factors. These cofactors are functionally different in that YAF-2 positively regulates the transcriptional activity of hGABP but YEAF1 negatively regulates this activity. Also, YAF-2 mRNA is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas YEAF1 mRNA is highly expressed in placenta. We speculate that the transcriptional activity of hGABP is in part regulated by the expression levels of these tissue-specific cofactors. These results provide a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation by functionally distinct cofactor family members.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M203060200

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

The Maf oncoprotein is a basic leucine zipper (bZip)-bearing transcriptional activator that recognizes the Maf recognition element (MARE) DNA sequence. In this study, we investigated the role of Maf's transactivation function in cell transformation. Replacement of the conserved amino terminus transactivator domain of Maf by a heterologous and stronger transactivator domain (the acidic transactivator domain of VP16) resulted in enhanced transformation of chicken embryo fibroblast cells. In contrast, the fusing of a transcriptional repressor domain (Sin3 interaction domain of Mxi1) with the whole Maf protein masked the transactivator function of Maf, which in turn inhibited its transforming activity. Furthermore, the leucine zipper domain of Maf, which defines its dimer-forming specificity, was exchangeable with that of GCN4 yeast protein in terms of its transactivating and cell transforming activities. Thus, heterodimer formation with other bZip factors is not required for Maf's ability to transform. These results together suggest that transactivation through MARE is necessary for Maf-induced transformation and that there exist downstream target gene(s) for transformation. Since the MARE sequence overlaps with the recognition element of another bZip oncoprotein Jun, we assessed whether Jun and Maf induce cell transformation through activating the same genes. We thus constructed a mutated version of Jun that has a GCN4 leucine zipper and lacks the transactivator domain. This mutant repressed the cell transformation not only by Jun but also by Maf. Thus, Maf and Jun share downstream target gene(s) that are involved in cell transformation.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M102234200

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Gold(I)-containing compounds have long been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the molecular mechanism of their action has remained largely unknown. In this paper we have demonstrated that gold(I) drugs selectively activate the DNA binding of a heterodimer consisting of the basic-leucine zipper transcription factors Nrf2 and small Maf. Once bound to its recognition DNA sequence termed antioxidant-responsive element or Maf-recognition element, Nrf2/small Maf induces a set of antioxidative stress genes, including heme oxygenase-1 and gamma -glutamylcysteine synthetase, whose products have been demonstrated to contribute to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings suggest that stimulation of antioxidative stress response through activation of Nrf2/small Maf may be a pharmacologically important part of the actions of gold(I) drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Alternatively, activation of Nrf2/small Maf may be a protective response of cells against toxic effects of the drugs.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M105383200

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

Flank organs of male Golden Syrian hamsters contain sebaceous glands and hair follicles whose morphology and function are highly dependent on androgen, which makes these organs a useful model to study androgen action. In order to investigate molecular mechanisms of androgen action, we cloned a cDNA encoding the hamster androgen receptor (hamAR) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of hamster testis cDNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the cDNA has the capacity to encode a polypeptide of 900 amino acid. The deduced amino acid sequence was highly homologous to those of androgen receptors (AR) from other species. Western blot analysis of COS1 cells transfected with a vector expressing hamAR revealed that the recombinant ham AR was identical in size to that of endogeneous ham AR expressed in liver, sebaceous glands and testis. We further demonstrated that transfection of the hamAR expression vector into COS1 cells resulted in activation of a luciferase reporter gene containing multiple androgen responsive elements (ARE) in a testosterone-dependent manner. Availability of the recombinant hamAR clone along with the flank organ system should provide a more powerful tool than currently available to investigate androgen action at the molecular level. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0923-1811(00)00172-9

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

The simian virus 40 capsid is composed of 72 pentamers of VP1 protein. Although the capsid is known to dissociate to pentamers in vitro following simultaneous treatment with reducing and chelating agents, the functional roles of disulfide linkage and calcium ion-mediated interactions are not clear. To elucidate the roles of these interactions, we introduced amino acid substitutions in VP1 at cysteine residues and at residues involved in calcium binding. We expressed the mutant proteins in a baculovirus system and analyzed both their assembly into virus-like particles (VLPs) in insect cells and the disassembly of those VLPs in vitro. We found that disulfide linkages at both Cys-9 and Cys-104 conferred resistance to proteinase K digestion on VLPs, although neither linkage was essential for the formation of VLPs in insect cells. In particular, reduction of the disulfide linkage at Cys-9 was found to be critical for VLP dissociation to VP1 pentamers in the absence of calcium ions, indicating that disulfide linkage at Cys-9 prevents VLP dissociation, probably by increasing the stability of calcium ion binding. We found that amino acid substitutions at carboxy-terminal calcium ion binding sites (Glu-329, Glu-330, and Asp-345) resulted in the frequent formation of unusual tubular particles as well as VLPs in insect cells, indicating that these residues affect the accuracy of capsid assembly. In addition, unexpectedly, amino acid substitutions at any of the calcium ion binding sites tested, especially at Glu-157, resulted in increased stability of VLPs in the absence of calcium ions in vitro. These results suggest that appropriate affinities of calcium ion binding are responsible for both assembly and disassembly of the capsid.

DOI： 10.1128/JVI.75.1.61-72.2001

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Maf oncoprotein is a basic-leucine zipper (bZip) type of transcriptional activator, Since many transcription factors are known to form functional complexes, we searched for proteins that interact with the DNA-binding domain of Maf using the phage display method and identified two homeodomain-containing proteins, Hoxd12 and MHox/Prx1/Phox1/Pmx1. Studies with mutants of Hox and Maf proteins showed that they associate through their DNA-binding domains; the homeodomain of Hox and the bZip domain of Maf, respectively. Reflecting the high similarity of the bZip domain, all other Maf family members tested (c-/v-Maf, MafB, MafK, MafF, and MafG) also associated with the Hox proteins. Pax6, whose homeodomain is relatively similar to MHox, also could interact with Maf, However, two other bZip oncoproteins, Fos and Jun, failed to associate with the Hox proteins, while a distantly related Hox family member, Meis1, could not interact with Maf. Through interactions with the bZip domain, the Hox proteins inhibited the DNA binding activity of Maf, whereas the binding of Hox proteins to their recognition sequences was not abrogated by Maf. We further showed that coexpression of the Hox proteins repressed transcriptional activation and transforming activity of Maf. These results suggested that the interaction of a set of Hox proteins with Maf family members may interfere not only with their oncogenicity but also with their physiological roles.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M007643200

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：STOCKTON PRESS  

The v-maf oncogene encodes a nuclear bZip protein which specifically recognizes relatively long palindromic sequences related to an AP-1 site. In this study, we investigated the relationship of transactivation and transformation activity of Maf. The amino-terminal two thirds of the molecule were dispensable for its DNA-binding activity but conferred its transactivation potential. Transactivation activities of a set of deletion mutants correlated well with their cell transforming abilities. However, a point mutant associated with enhanced oncogenic activity was not more effective in transactivation than the wild type, suggesting that some other function(s) of Maf is also important for its transforming ability. We also examined the effect of other bZip proteins on the transactivation activity of Maf. Three small Maf family proteins (MafK, MafF and MafG), which are missing the transactivation domain of v-Maf, competitively inhibited transactivation by Maf. Co-expression of Jun or Fos also affected the transactivation potential of Maf by forming Maf/Jun or Maf/Fos heterodimers of distinct DNA-binding specificities. In addition to these factors, we noticed the presence of a strong endogenous transactivating activity associated with a sequence related to an NF-E2 site rather than the typical AP-1 site in fibroblast cells. These results indicate that AP-1 site-like cis-regulatory elements of eukaryotic genes are regulated by multiple sets of bZip dimers with different DNA-binding and transactivation properties.

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

The maf oncogene encodes a bZip nuclear protein which recognizes sequences related to an AP-1 site either as a homodimer or as heterodimers with Fos and Jun. We describe here a novel maf-related gene, mafG, which shows extensive homology with two other maf-related genes, mafK and mafF. These three maf-related genes encode small basic-leucine zipper proteins lacking the trans-activator domain of v-Maf. Bacterially expressed small Maf proteins bind to DNA as homodimers with a sequence recognition profile that is virtually identical to that of v-Maf. As we have previously described, the three small Maf proteins also dimerize with the large subunit of NF-E2 (p45) to form an erythroid cell-specific transcription factor, NF-E2, which has distinct DNA-binding specificity. This study shows that the small Maf proteins can also dimerize among themselves and with Fos and a newly identified p45-related molecule (Ech) but not with v-Maf or Jun. Although the small Maf proteins preferentially recognize the consensus NF-E2 sequence as heterodimers with either NF-EZ p45, Ech, or Fos, these heterodimers seemed to be different in their transactivation potentials. Coexpression of Fos and small Mafs could not activate a promoter with tandem repeats of the NF-E2 site. These results raise the possibility that tissue specific gene expression and differentiation of erythroid cells are regulated by competition among Fos, NF-EZ p45, and Ech for small Maf proteins and for binding sites.

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

We have identified a new member of the maf oncogene family and named it mafB. This gene is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and encodes a protein of 311 amino acids containing a typical bZip motif in its carboxy-terminal region. In the bZip domain, MafB shares extensive homology not only with v-Maf but also with other Maf-related proteins. As expected from its structure, MafB forms a homodimer through its leucine repeat structure and specifically binds Maf-recognition elements (MAREs). In addition, MafB forms heterodimers with v-Maf and Fos through its zipper structure. However, unlike v-Maf, MafB fails to associate with Jun. Transient cotransfection assays revealed that both v-Maf and MafB act as transactivators for a promoter linked to MAREs, although MafB is less potent than v-Maf. As is the case for the c-maf gene, overexpression of the mafB gene induces transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts in vitro. Through formation of numerous bZip dimers, the Maf family proteins along with the AP-1 components should provide great diversity in transcriptional regulation for a wide variety of genes.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD  

TRANSCRIPTION factor NF-E2 is crucial for regulating erythroid-specific gene expression1. Cloning of the NF-E2 p45 protein has revealed that it contains a basic region-leucine zipper (b-zip) domain which associates with another unidentified protein (of relative molecular mass 18,000) to form functional NF-E2 (ref. 2). We show here that products of the maf proto-oncogene family3-5, MafF, MafG and MafK (the small Maf proteins) which possess a b-zip DNA-binding domain but lack a canonical transactivation domain3, directly control the DNA-binding properties of p45 by heterodimeric association with p45. Whereas homodimers of the small Maf proteins act as negative regulators, heterodimers composed of Maf and p45 support active transcription in vivo. These results indicate that one (or all) of the small Maf proteins is the second constituent chain required for NF-E2 activity, and that negative as well as positive regulation can be achieved through an NF-E2 site, depending on the equilibrium concentrations of p45 and the Maf proteins inside erythroid cells.

DOI： 10.1038/367568a0

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

The v-maf oncogene, identified from AS42 avian retrovirus, encodes a nuclear bZip protein. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of cell transformation induced by this oncogene, we determined the specific binding sequences of its product. Maf protein recognized two types of relatively long palindromic consensus sequences, TGCTGACTCAGCA and TGCTGACGTCAGCA, at roughly equal efficiency. The middle parts of these Maf-binding sequences completely match with two binding sequences for AP-1 transcription factor, i.e., phorbol 12-O-tetradecanoate-13-acetate (TPA)-responsive element (TRE) and cyclic AMP responsive element, suggesting partial overlapping of the target genes for Maf and AP-1. Furthermore, Maf efficiently formed heterodimers with the components of AP-1, Fos and Jun, through their leucine zipper structures, and these heterodimers show binding specificities distinct from those for Maf-Maf and Jun-Jun homodimers. Thus, a multiple combination of the dimers should generate a greatly expanded repertoire of transcriptional regulatory potential. DNA data base search for the Maf-binding consensus sequences suggested that some of the TRE-like cis elements reported previously may actually be the targets for Maf family proteins or their heterodimers with other bZip proteins.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：STOCKTON PRESS  

The v-maf oncogene of the avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma virus, AS42, encodes a nuclear protein which contains a characteristic b-Zip domain. By screening a chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cDNA library under moderately stringent hybridization conditions, we picked up a series of cDNA clones for a novel maf-related gene which we named mafK. We also identified another maf-related gene named mafF by screening a chicken genomic library using a mafK probe. Structural analyses suggested that the mafK and mafF genes consist of three exons. The exon-intron structures of the two genes resemble each other, but differ from that of the chicken c-maf gene. As compared to the c-Maf protein, the proteins encoded by the mafK and the mafF genes are rather small in size and lack the regions corresponding to the amino terminal acidic domain present in the c-Maf protein. On the other hand, the structures of the b-Zip domain are well conserved among these Maf-related proteins. When overexpressed by using an avian retroviral vector, the two maf-related genes did not induce morphological transformation of CEF cells but induced colony formation in soft agar with very low efficiencies. With a specific antibody, the MafK protein was detected predominantly in the nuclei of the cells infected with the virus which carries the mafK gene. Tissue distributions of these three maf-family genes are different from one another, probably reflecting their different functions in vivo.

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

The v-maf oncogene, identified as the transforming gene of the avian retrovirus AS42, encodes a protein containing a b-Zip motif. From this structural feature, the v-Maf protein was expected to form a dimer and function as a nuclear DNA-binding protein. In this study, we demonstrate that this protein indeed localizes predominantly in the nucleus and forms a homodimer through its leucine zipper structure. To delineate the structural requirement for the transforming activity, we constructed and characterized a panel of v-maf mutants harboring various deletions or point mutations. A region of about 100 amino acid residues located near its carboxyl terminus, which contains the b-Zip motif, was found to be essential for the basal transforming activity of v-Maf on chicken embryo fibroblasts. On the other hand, the amino-terminal two-thirds of the v-Maf protein seems to play a role in potentiating the transforming activity of v-Maf. It was also found that the c-maf proto-oncogene, without any structural modification in its protein-coding region, could transform cells as efficiently as could the v-maf oncogene when transduced by a retroviral vector. Thus, it is probably deregulated expression that makes the v-maf gene oncogenic. In addition, we discovered one point mutation, altering the structure of the b-Zip domain, which further enhances the transforming activity of the v-maf oncogene. Such mutant will be useful in exploring the mechanism of action of the Maf protein.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS  

DOI： 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90532-T

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：KARGER  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.86.20.7711

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本臨床社  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(公社)日本生化学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme or a protein, was immobilized onto the surfaces of ferrite (a Fe3O4-gammaFe(2)O(3) mixed solution) fine particles, similar to8 nm in size, during the process in which the particles were synthesized from an aqueous solution. The process was performed in the open air at a temperature as low as 4 degreesC and on near-neutral condition of pHless than or equal to9, which is compatible with most of the bioactive molecules as well as trypsin. Therefore this technique is advantageous for preparing magnetite particles having biomolecules immobilized on their surfaces, which will be used for biomedical applications utilizing magnetic separation technique. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

DOI： 10.1063/1.1452207

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：最新医学社  

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DOI： 10.11477/mf.2425900947

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本生化学会  

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