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Committee type：Other

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Other

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Other

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Committee type：Municipal

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Committee type：Other

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Grant amount：\3770000 （ Direct Cost: \2900000 、 Indirect Cost：\870000 ）

今年度は、神奈川県の外国人集住地域において外国人支援に携わる5団体に対する半構造化インタビューにもとづき、コロナ禍の外国人住民の生活状況を明らかにし、とりわけの移動／非移動性（immobility）という視点から、日本人と外国人住民の共助の課題と変容について考察した。先行研究にもとづき設定した3つのリサーチ・クエスチョンは以下の通りである。(1）コロナ禍は外国人住民たちの就労や生活に、どのような影響を及ぼしたのか。(2) 外国人住民の非移動性は、共助にいかなる変容をもたらしたか。(3)対面を超えたデジタル上の新しい共助の「場」や「空間」が形成されているのか。調査の結果、対象者の就労面においてはコロナ禍の経済的影響をより受けやすい傾向にあるが、生活全般の移動／非移動性を決定するのは日本のみならず母国の行動規範に準拠していることがわかった。共助については、コロナ前からの関係構築に負うところも大きいが、共通の危機による連帯感の要因も大きく、部分的ではあるが日本人と外国人、同国人どうし、いずれも共助が促されていた。オンラインを通じた共助は、現時点では両者のつながりに対する価値が逆転するほどの変容が起きているとは言い難く、むしろコロナ禍で促進されたデジタル空間から取り残されがちな人々との格差が示唆された。外国人住民たちの移動／非移動性に着目することで、災害時の共助の特性や限界についても理解を深めることが可能になった。

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Authorship：Principal investigator 

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

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Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\4290000 （ Direct Cost: \3300000 、 Indirect Cost：\990000 ）

The purpose of this research is to clarify the challenges and strategies to support newcomer children of both Japan and the United States from the perspective of the educational attainment and social adaptation. The study found that 1) the effectiveness of a dual language program provided for immigrant children in an elementary school of immigrant community in Los Angeles, 2) the role of various organizations that support immigrants and their social networks, 3) factors that have negative impacts on the educational achievement of foreign students at a high school of Kanagawa prefecture, 4) the role of ethnic networks and various local support organizations in the community.

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Grant amount：\3510000 （ Direct Cost: \2700000 、 Indirect Cost：\810000 ）

This study clarifies the development of an international migrant system of Chinese Immigrants in Japan. Hearings and fieldworks in China, as well as in-depth interviews to 20 Chinese students and workers who came to Japan after 2000s showed the influences for the sending society and their identities. Moreover, it is examined the “multicultural” social changes in Japan and the social transformations around East Asia. The results indicate that four major factors have significant effect s on the “international migration system “of Chinese Immigrants in Japan: 1) the meanings of studying in Japan for the young generations who are born after Chinese “one-child policy", 2) the increase of immigrants from the northeastern part of China and these economic and social impacts for sending areas, 3) the possibilities of "an extended community" including overseas Chinese, 4)“a plan for 300,000 exchange students” and these implications for internationally mobile Chinese as actors.

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Grant amount：\10660000 （ Direct Cost: \8200000 、 Indirect Cost：\2460000 ）

The principal aim of our study is to clarify the conditions for the securing of schooling of foreign children in contemporary Japan. Their rate of school enrollment in primary education is estimated less than 90%. Several reasons are pointed out to explain their school nonattendance, but a basic one is seemed to be the exemption of foreigners from the compulsory education. Then, how to apply this compulsory education to foreigners living in Japan?We made researches on the conditions of this educational reform. And we found that the tendency of settlement of foreign population more and more accentuated makes impossible to leave the future citizens, regardless of their nationality, out of the compulsory education. However, the school choice is important for the foreign parents and, in order to widen the range of choice, the foreign schools and ethnic schools should be admitted as compulsory education school On these conditions, according to our questionnaire survey, about two thrd of Japanese teachers and other educational actors approved to apply the obligatory elementary education to foreign children.

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Grant amount：\3900000 （ Direct Cost: \3300000 、 Indirect Cost：\600000 ）

This study explored identities of Chinese migrants and their integration to Japanese society, in which prospected the transformation of Japanese society and international relations. In this study, interview researches have performed both in Japan and China (Beijing and Heilongjiang Province.), in terms of "international migration system" among Chinese immigrants and their "permanent sojourner" identity. It is clarified that an expanse of the new Chinese immigrant groups in Japan is remarkable : (1) after 80's young generation, (2) immigrants come from the Northeastern China.

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Grant amount：\12740000 （ Direct Cost: \9800000 、 Indirect Cost：\2940000 ）

We inquired into the causes of school failure and consecutive social isolation of foreign children in Japan (including Japanese children born from mixed marriage) and found out that the following family problems constitute its major factors : low and instable family revenue, target earner's life style which makes difficult to pay attention to the child education and the crises of family integrity caused by the domestic violence, separation or divorce, etc..

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Grant amount：\19240000 （ Direct Cost: \14800000 、 Indirect Cost：\4440000 ）

Our studies tried to compare the international migration politics of EU and those of East Asia from the viewpoint of human rights and clarify the differences and their problems. In recent years, the number of influx of foreign workers and brides increased considerably in Japan and Korea as well as in Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan. However, differing from the EU countries, in these countries the term of stay of foreign workers is short, application of labor law is sometimes limited and particularly the female workers in domestic works and care giving remain in worse conditions. And in certain countries, for example in Singapore, foreign workers are not admitted neither to marry with a national nor to acquire the nationality, and are thus forbidden to access to the citizenship of their staying country. On the other, the massive entry of Chinese workers into Japan in the name of “trainees"(kenshusei) constitute a salient migratory movement in East Asia results in the formation of a category of temporary workers working and living in worst conditions.
Our studies, based on the field work researches, pointed out the three major factors which define the problems mentioned above : 1) too pragmatic and“national interest oriented“immigration politics of these countries, 2) non participation into or negligence of international treaties on human rights and workers rights, 3) relative weakness of the civil activities for the human rights. In these points, Asian countries should and could learn from the immigration and integration politics of EU countries, such as the politics of free circulation of person, the guarantee of the rights of social protection and the easier access to the citizenship, etc. However, nowadays European countries themselves are weakening their human rights regime of immigration and integration in limiting, for example, the right of free movement of EU citizens after the enlargement of EU in 2004 and imposing more severe requirement of assimilation upon the immigrants demanding long stay. In this sense, EU is also faced with the problems concerning the reconstruction of its own human rights regime.

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Grant amount：\3200000 （ Direct Cost: \3200000 ）

本研究は、国際移動研究の中で留学を契機として来日する中国人の社会的な生活世界を明らかにし、今後も来・滞日の増加が予想される彼らの行動を通して日本社会および国際関係の変容を展望するものである。中国大陸(中華人民共和国)からの留学生として入国した長期滞在者を対象に、留学生と移住労働者としての両側面から、「国際移民システム」(Kritzほか1992)にみる日本留学という移民過程、および「永続的ソジョナー(permanent sojourner)」(Uriely 1994)アイデンティティの観点から、それぞれ考察を行った。
(1)中国人の日本留学にみる「国際移民システム」
中国人の日本留学は、1980年代からの日中間(さらには関係諸国も含む)の政策、経済、労働市場的、社会的なネットワークから形成された「国際移民システム」の一つとして把握されうることがわかった。
(2)「永続的ソジョナー」中国人のアイデンティティ
滞日中国人の準拠集団との関わりと意識を整理すると、以下の5つのタイプが見出せた。(1)日本人学生と差異化の意識(2)職域における「日本人化」あるいは「同調」(3)中国の友人に対するプラス方向とマイナス方向の距離感(4)賃金・昇進についての相対的な不満感(5)観念的な知識としての「欧米社会」(=「理想的な移民社会」)を想像上の準拠フレームとし、再度相対的な不満感を形成
(3)トランスナショナルな新中間層の社会的統合
日本での「永住者」資格の取得や国籍取得などの中国人の行為からすると、日本滞在に対しプラグマティックな態度がみられる。しかしアイデンティティの面では、やや「硬直した」中国人アイデンティティを保持しており、「リプリゼンタティブ・エスニシティ(representative ethnicity)」と定義づけられる。これは「中国人である」と言い続けるという「たてまえ」や「論理」を使うことにより、日本と中国どちらの準拠集団に対しても「納得いく」応答として均衡を保ち、実生活とアイデンティティの溝を埋める役目を果たしていることが明らかになった。

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Grant amount：\12200000 （ Direct Cost: \12200000 ）

More than 10% of the foreign children of the compulsory education age in Japan are estimated not to be sent any school. Especially the children of South American origin show high rate of non school attendance In following the hypothesis that one of the major factors of their non school attendance lies in their family backgrounds, we have made several researches. And the findings which were derived from those researches are as follows.
The foreign parents who stay in Japan as temporary Dekasegi workers tend to work for a very long time and leave their children also for a long time in the day nursery or foreign school (Brazilian school) which are separated from Japanese children's milieu. So they have neither the sufficient time of contact with the parents, nor the occasion of learning the Japanese language, which make them difficult to enter the Japanese school.
Because the Japanese compulsory education is not applied to foreign children, the Boards of Education of local communities do not work well to secure the school enrollment of them. Thus, the children whose parents are in an irregular situation, or those whose age is more than 15 years old happen to be rejected by the Board of Education
Even the parents who have stayed in Japan for a long time (for example the ex-Indochinese refugees) have not a sufficient knowledge about the Japanese school system and thus cannot help their children in the school choice. Without the help of teachers and community volunteers, their children would not be able to make adequate choice of their life course.
However, we could find some cases of Brazilian pupils who had succeeded to enter a Japanese university. Their hardworking and good orientation made by their teachers would undoubtedly contribute to this results. But, along with these, the parents consistent attitude supporting their children's going to the senior high-school and university plays a crucial role in their success.
In this sense, it becomes clear that the supportive activities for the foreign parents are also important for the children's successful integration into the school life.

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Grant amount：\2400000 （ Direct Cost: \2400000 ）

1.就職者・研究者を対象にしたアンケート調査の分析
2.在日中国人の「滞在者」アイデンティティ・準拠集団・階層意識に関する聞き取り調査(地方都市および首都圏在住の就職者・研究者15人)
1.調査結果によると、かれらの滞日期間は10年以上と長く、すでに高い割合で日本永住資格や国籍を保有していた。同時に将来中国に帰ると答えた者も多いのだが、あと何年くらいで帰るかという具体的なめどについては明らかにされていない。帰国する場合の中国とのつながりには、仕事上や個人的な「コネ」が挙げられていた。一見具体的なめどが立っていないように見えるが、個人的なネットワークによるつながりを維持する様子は、きわめて「中国人らしい」傾向といえるだろう。このような滞在への態度からは、N.ウリエリの「永続的ソジョナー」(permanent sojourner)のような、「滞在者」と「定住者」の中間的な概念が必要であることが示された。
2.「永続的ソジョナー」としてかれらが有する準拠集団は、中国に住む中国人の友人、日本留学する中国人、日本人(同級生・会社の同僚)と多元的で、かつ「状況」や「場」に応じてそれぞれ異なる集団が想定されていることがわかった。ただしここで注意すべきは、それぞれの準拠集団が必ずしも実在するものであるとは限らない点である。かれらの語りの「中国(の大学・会社など)」「日本(の大学・会社など)」(時には)「欧米」は、現実集団ではなく個人が体験したものから作り上げられた、いわば「バーチャル(virtual)な」集団も含まれている点に注目すべきである。
かれらの日本でホワイトカラーの「サラリーマン」や「(有名)大学の教員」としての生活、そして女性に見受けられる「主婦化」傾向などからは、「保守化」していく可能性も考えられる。一部には、日本にいる他の中国人集団(エスニック・カテゴリー)と比較して差別化やエリート意識を思わせる発言もみられる。だが、それが単なる日本社会へ同化を促すと結論づけることはできない。今後は階層の視点も取り入れ、トランスナショナルな「新中間層」としての中国人の分析を予定している。

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Grant amount：\9600000 （ Direct Cost: \9600000 ）

The three-year study revealed the situations and the issues of migrant children in Japan relevant to their school attendance. While the number of migrant children who are enrolled in elementary and secondary public schools is approximately 40,000, it covers only 60% of the migrant children of Japanese compulsory school ages. Although 5% of them may well attend private schools, for example ethnic schools or international schools, or return to their home countries the study discovered that the rest of them miss an opportunity for education. The possible reasons for the situation are the followings;
(1)Japanese compulsory education is not applied to migrant children as foreigners.
(2)Their parents move in Japan in order to find a job.
(3)As many of their parents keep a Dekasegi mentality and devote most of their time to their jobs, they are not likely to pay much attention to their children's education.
(4)Japanese literacy is a serious cultural barrier to migrant children's academic achievement.
(5)A lack of multicultural point of views in Japanese school education hinders migrant children's academic achievement.
Because of these reasons, some migrant parents decide to send their children to ethnic schools such as Brazilian or Peruvian. The study determined, however, that the decision is not reasonable while taking into consideration; low education quality of the schools, expensive tuition and a lack of education for adaptation to Japanese society while migrant children tend to continue to stay longer in Japan. Accordingly the study identified the following ways to improve the situation of migrant children's education.
(1)Local education boards and Japanese schools track the school attendance of migrant children and arrange social workers who encourage migrant children and their families to participate schools.
(2)Local education boards and Japanese schools provide migrant parents with accurate information and advice in order to raise awareness about their children's education.
(3)Local education boards set up pre-schools where migrant children obtain Japanese literacy before being enrolled in Japanese schools.
(4)Local education boards and Japanese schools revise their curriculum from a multicultural point of views, arrange the system for migrant children to keep their mother languages and inculcate a sense of respect for cultural difference to Japanese children.
(5)Local education boards and Japanese schools enhance partnership with local volunteer groups which support migrant children's academic achievement.

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Authorship：Principal investigator 

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