記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Profiling elemental contents in wheat grains and clarifying the underlying genetic systems are important for the breeding of biofortified crops. Our objective was to evaluate the genetic potential of 269 Afghan wheat landraces for increasing elemental contents in wheat cultivars. The contents of three major (Mg, K, and P) and three minor (Mn, Fe, and Zn) elements in wheat grains were measured by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Large variations in elemental contents were observed among landraces. Marker-based heritability estimates were low to moderate, suggesting that the elemental contents are complex quantitative traits. Genetic correlations between two locations (Japan and Afghanistan) and among the six elements were estimated using a multi-response Bayesian linear mixed model. Low-to-moderate genetic correlations were observed among major elements and among minor elements respectively, but not between major and minor elements. A single response genome-wide association study detected only one significant marker, which was associated with Zn, suggesting it will be difficult to increase the elemental contents of wheat by conventional marker-assisted selection. Genomic predictions for major elemental contents were moderately or highly accurate, whereas those for minor elements were mostly low or moderate. Our results indicate genomic selection may be useful for the genetic improvement of elemental contents in wheat.

添付ファイル： Genetic Nature of Elemental Contents in Wheat Grains and Its Genomic Prediction- Toward the Effective Use of Wheat Landraces from Afghanistan.pdf

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0169416

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

This study was carried out with the aim of developing the methodology to determine elemental composition in wheat and identify the best germplasm for further research. Orphan and genetically diverse Afghan wheat landraces were chosen and EDXRF was used to measure the content of some of the elements to establish elemental composition in grains of 266 landraces using 10 reference lines. Four elements, K, Mg, P, and Fe, were measured by standardizing sample preparation. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis using elemental composition data sets indicated that the Fe content has an opposite pattern to the other elements, especially that of K. By systematic analysis the best wheat germplasms for P content and Fe content were identified. In order to compare the sensitivity of EDXRF, the ICP method was also used and the similar results obtained confirmed the EDXRF methodology. The sampling method for measurement using EDXRF was optimized resulting in high-throughput profiling of elemental composition in wheat grains at low cost. Using this method, we have characterized the Afghan wheat landraces and isolated the best genotypes that have high-elemental content and have the potential to be used in crop improvement.

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbs.16041

PubMed

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

アフガニスン天水地域コムギの根系特性の改良を増強するために、パイプ栽培による効果的な擬似干ばつ耐性評価システムを開発した。底面吸水による潅水圃場の地下水位を想定した１m長パイプを対象区に対して、2m長パイプで地下水位が１m低下した擬似干ばつ区を設定し、生育途中に間断的に上部より補助潅水を与えて (T1) 木原アフガン在来コムギ (KAWLR) 360系統の乾燥ストレス耐性を評価した。そこから乾燥ストレス下で根長の特性の異なる>200 cm (LR)、100-150 cm (MR)、20-100 cm (SR)の３群から30系統を選抜して、乾燥ストレス (T1) と補助潅水を減らした干ばつストレス (T2) での生育特性を解析した。乾燥ストレス下で長い根を伸ばす品種群（LR）は干ばつストレス (T2) 条件で土壌深部の根系の生体量を調整し、MRやSRよりも高い生存率を示した。これらのLR品種群はアフガニスタンの乾燥地域から採集されたもので、その農業特性は干ばつストレス時の土壌深部の根の生体量と高い相関性を示した。最長の根をもつLR-871 (KU7604) を含む３系統をアフガニスタン天水農業向けコムギの新規育種素材として選抜した。

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbs.16043

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Mining of new genetic resources is of paramount importance to combat the alarming spread of stripe rust disease and breakdown of major resistance genes in wheat. We conducted a genome wide association study on 352 un-utilized Afghan wheat landraces against stripe rust resistance in eight locations. High level of disease variation was observed among locations and a core-set of germplasm showed consistence performance. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed rapidly (R-2 approximate to 0.16 at 0 cM) due to germplasm peerless diversity. The mixed linear model resulted in ten marker-trait associations (MTAs) across all environments representing five QTL. The extensively short LD blocks required us to repeat the analysis with less diverse subset of 220 landraces in which R-2 decayed below 0.2 at 0.3 cM. The subset GWAS resulted in 36 MTAs clustered in nine QTL. The subset analysis validated three QTL previously detected in the full list analysis. Overall, the study revealed that stripe rust epidemics in the geographical origin of this germplasm through time have permitted for selecting novel resistance loci. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.018

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In this study the application of α-ketol derivative of linolenic acid, KODA, was investigated in terms of root growth, plant development and crop production in response to CaCO3-imposed high pH (8.5) and drought, two major abiotic stresses for wheat production in Afghanistan. Two spring wheat cultivars, the Japanese cultivar Yumeshiho and a cultivar from Kihara Afghan wheat landraces (KAWLR) with long root (LR-504; KU11202Bb), were used in a CaCO3 experiment. Another set of spring wheat cultivars, a KAWLR with short root (SR-823; KU7542), a KAWLR with long root (LR-744; KU7453), and a non-Japanese modern cultivar Lalmi-2, were used in the drought experiment. KODA significantly enhanced root elongation in Yumeshiho under CaCO3-imposed alkalinity conditions. For the drought experiment, KODA significantly increased seed germination in all cultivars. KODA-treated plants had increased root and shoot growth in normal culture conditions and greater recovery from drought, with the greatest root length in Lalmi-2 (43–51%). Interestingly, KODA-treated plants tends to increase production, in terms of an increase in productive tillers, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per plant. The recovery rates for plants that received KODA, in terms of grain weight per plant, were 2.5–3% in Lalmi-2, 13–15% in SR-823, and 11–13% in LR-744. In preliminary investigation, KODA-treated root showed moderate increasement and stability in wheat root expansin genes under normal culture condition. These KODA-mediated physiological traits could be useful to efficiently uptake water and nutrients, and promote stable production in response to drought and high carbonate alkaline soils worldwide.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.05.005

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Crop landraces represent a source of useful genes endowing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and other agronomic traits including yield. Our study involved 446 Afghan wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces collected from 16 provinces during three Japanese scientific expeditions in 1955, 1967, and 1979. The landraces and varieties were genotyped using 30,000 diversity array technology (DArT) genetic markers, of which 15,817 were polymorphic. The landraces were grouped into 15 subpopulations based on population structure and phylogenetic studies. DArT markers were used to group landraces based on their origins or collection sites and to differentiate East Asian genotypes, CIMMYT lines, and modern Afghanistan cultivars from Afghan landraces. The Afghan landraces were highly diverse compared with lines from other origins. These landraces seem to possess unique genes that might allow enrichment of the global wheat gene pool and improvements in wheat production worldwide. Our next objective is to identify genotypes with promising attributes and to conduct association mapping studies focusing on biotic and abiotic stresses.

DOI： 10.1007/s10722-015-0219-5

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Elsevier Inc  

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease in wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum (. F. g). It infects during the flowering stage favored by warm and highly humid climates. In order to understand possible wheat defense mechanism, gene expression analysis in response to F. g was undertaken in three genotypes of wheat, Japanese landrace cultivar Nobeokabouzu (highly resistant), Chinese cv. Sumai 3 (resistant) and Australian cv. Gamenya (susceptible). For microarray analysis, 3 and 7. days after inoculation (dai) samples were used in Agilent wheat custom array 4x38k. At 3. dai, the highest number of genes was up-regulated in Nobeokabouzu followed by Sumai 3 and minimum expression in Gamenya. Whereas at 7. dai, Sumai 3 expressed more genes compared to others. Further narrowing down by excluding commonly expressed genes in three genotypes and grouping according to the gene function has identified differentially high expression of genes involved in detoxification process such as multidrug resistant protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, UDP-glycosyltransferase and ABC transporters in Nobeokabouzu at 3. dai. However in Sumai 3 many defense-related genes such as peroxidase, proteases and genes involved in plant cell wall defense at 7. dai were identified. These findings showed the difference of molecular defense mechanism among the cultivars in response to the pathogen. The complete data was accessed in NCBI GEO database with accession number GSE59721.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.06.020

Scopus

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Climate change has generated unpredictability in the timing and amount of rain, as well as extreme heat and cold spells that have affected grain yields worldwide and threaten food security. Sources of specific adaptation related to drought and heat, as well as associated breeding of genetic traits, will contribute to maintaining grain yields in dry and warm years. Increased crop photosynthesis and biomass have been achieved particularly through disease resistance and healthy leaves. Similarly, sources of drought and heat adaptation through extended photosynthesis and increased biomass would also greatly benefit crop improvement. Wheat landraces have been cultivated for thousands of years under the most extreme environmental conditions. They have also been cultivated in lower input farming systems for which adaptation traits, particularly those that increase the duration of photosynthesis, have been conserved. Landraces are a valuable source of genetic diversity and specific adaptation to local environmental conditions according to their place of origin. Evidence supports the hypothesis that landraces can provide sources of increased biomass and thousand kernel weight, both important traits for adaptation to tolerate drought and heat. Evaluation of wheat landraces stored in gene banks with highly beneficial untapped diversity and sources of stress adaptation, once characterized, should also be used for wheat improvement. Unified development of databases and promotion of data sharing among physiologists, pathologists, wheat quality scientists, national programmes, and breeders will greatly benefit wheat improvement for adaptation to climate change worldwide.

DOI： 10.1093/jxb/erv122

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：MDPI AG  

Fusarium graminearum is responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is a destructive disease of wheat that makes its quality unsuitable for end use. To understand the temporal molecular response against this pathogen, microarray gene expression analysis was carried out at two time points on three wheat genotypes, the spikes of which were infected by Fusarium graminearum. The greatest number of genes was upregulated in Nobeokabouzu-komugi followed by Sumai 3, whereas the minimum expression in Gamenya was at three days after inoculation (dai). In Nobeokabouzu-komugi, high expression of detoxification genes, such as multidrug-resistant protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, UDP-glycosyltransferase and ABC transporters, in addition to systemic defense-related genes, were identified at the early stage of infection. This early response of the highly-resistant genotype implies a different resistance response from the other resistant genotype, Sumai 3, primarily containing local defense-related genes, such as cell wall defense genes. In Gamenya, the expression of all three functional groups was minimal. The differences in these molecular responses with respect to the time points confirmed the variation in the genotypes. For the first time, we report the nature of gene expression in the FHB-highly resistant cv. Nobeokabouzu-komugi during the disease establishment stage and the possible underlying molecular response.

DOI： 10.3390/toxins7020604

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Landraces are an important source of genetic diversity in common wheat, but archival collections of Afghan wheat landraces remain poorly characterised. The recent development of array based marker systems, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, provide an excellent tool for examining the genetic diversity of local populations. Here we used SNP analysis to demonstrate the importance of Afghan wheat landraces and found tremendous genetic diversity and province-specific characteristics unique to this geographic region.
Results: A total of 446 Afghan wheat landraces were analysed using genotype by sequencing (GBS) arrays containing similar to 10 K unique markers. Pair-wise genetic distance analyses revealed significant genetic distances between landraces, particularly among those collected from distanced provinces. From these analyses, we were able to divide the landraces into 14 major classes, with the greatest degree of diversity evident among landraces isolated from Badakhshan province. Population-based analyses revealed an additional 15 sub-populations within our germplasm, and significant correlations were evident in both the provincial and botanical varieties. Genetic distance analysis was used to identify differences among provinces, with the strongest correlations seen between landraces from Herat and Ghor province, followed closely by those between Badakhshan and Takhar provinces. This result closely resembles existing agro-climatic zones within Afghanistan, as well as the wheat varieties commonly cultivated within these regions. Molecular variance analysis showed a higher proportion of intra-province variation among landraces compared with variation among all landraces as a whole.
Conclusion: The SNP analyses presented here highlight the importance and genetic diversity of Afghan wheat landraces. Furthermore, these data strongly refute a previous analysis that suggested low genetic diverse within this germplasm. Ongoing analyses include phenotypic characterisation of these landraces to identify functional traits associated with individual genotypes. Taken together, these analyses can be used to help improve wheat cultivation in Afghanistan, while providing insights into the evolution and selective pressures underlying these distinct landraces.

DOI： 10.1186/s12870-014-0320-5

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

The wheat landraces collected by Dr Hitoshi Kihara et al. from Afghanistan, the place of secondary origin of wheat, are an untapped genetic resource for mining novel alleles. In this study, approximately 400 landraces were collected from seven agroecological zones and characterized using diversity array technology and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers, as well as diagnostic molecular markers at important loci controlling vernalization (Vrn), photoperiod response (Ppd), grain colour (R), leaf rust (Lr), yellow rust (Yr), stem rust (Sr) and Fusarium head blight (Fhb). A genome-wide marker array revealed a large amount of genetic diversity among the landraces, 53% of which were winter types, 43% were either spring types or facultative and 4% were either unknown or had Vrn-A1c - a rare spring allele that needs to be confirmed with additional genotyping and phenotyping. At Ppd, 97% of the lines carried a photosensitive allele. In the case of grain colour, classification based on dominant or recessive allelic combinations revealed that approximately 39% of the population is characterized by white grain. Four gene-specific markers that were targeted to identify loci for rust and Fhb resistance enabled us to identify 17 unique landraces with known resistance genes.

DOI： 10.1017/S1479262114000203

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPANESE SOC BREEDING  

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) associated with contamination by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). The FHB-resistant wheat cultivar 'Sumai 3' has been used extensively around the world. The existence of variation in FHB resistance among 'Sumai 3' accessions has been discussed. In this study, genetic variation among 'Sumai 3' accessions collected from six countries were identified using SSR markers; our results demonstrate unique chromosome regions in Sumai 3-AUT and Sumai 3-JPN ('Sumai 3' accessions from Austria and Japan, respectively). Field evaluation indicated strong resistance to FHB in Sumai 3-AUT. The polymorphic rate (number of polymorphic markers/number of available markers x 100) based on a DArT array was 12.5% between the two 'Sumai 3' accessions. Genotyping for DNA markers flanking FHB-resistant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) revealed genetic variations for the QTL regions on 5AS and 2DS; however, no variation was observed for the QTL regions on 3BS and 6B. Thus, the variation in FHB resistance among 'Sumai 3' accessions in the field is due to genetic diversity.

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbs.64.90

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Capsicum spp. are widely cultivated for use as vegetables and spices. The Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Japan, has stocks of approximately 800 lines of Capsicum spp. collected from various regions of Central and South America, the regions of origin for Capsicum spp. In this study, 5,751 primer pairs for simple sequence repeat markers, based on 118,060 publicly available sequences of expressed sequence tags of Capsicum annuum, were designed and subjected to a similarity search against the genomic sequence of tomato, a model Solanaceae species. Nucleotide sequences spanning 2,245 C. annuum markers were successfully mapped onto the tomato genome, and 96 of these, which spanned the entire tomato genome, were selected for further analysis. In genotyping analysis, 60 out of the 77 markers that produced specific DNA amplicons showed polymorphism among the Capsicum lines examined. On the basis of the resulting data, the 192 tested lines were grouped into five main clusters. The additional sequencing analysis of the plastid genes, matK and rbcL, divided the resources into three groups. As a result, 19 marker loci exhibited genotypes specific to species and cluster, suggesting that the DNA markers are useful for species identification. Information on the DNA markers will contribute to Capsicum genetics, genomics, and breeding.

DOI： 10.1007/s11032-012-9774-z

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPANESE SOC BREEDING  

The WRKY transcription factors belong to a lame protein family characterized by the conserved WRKY domain. These factors have been identified to play biological functions in various plant developmental processes. WRKY proteins are also known to be involved in regulating plant responses to pathogen attack and stress-related hormones. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of the gene (TaWRKY45) for the wheat WRKY45 transcription factor. Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the TaWRKY45 protein is orthologous to rice OsWRKY45. Our analysis of its expression in wheat indicated that TaWRKY45 was constitutively expressed in various organs and throughout the lifetime of the plant. We observed that TaWRKY45 was upregulated in response to benzothiadiazole (BTH), a plant immune system strengthner, and Fusarium graminearum, which is a causal fungus for Fusarium head blight (FHB). The constitutive overexpression of the TaWRKY45 transgene conferred an enhanced resistance against F. graminearum to transenic wheat plants grown under greenhouse conditions. These results indicate that TaWRKY45 is involved M the defense systems for the biotic stressors in wheat and that it may be potentially utilized to improve the disease resistance of wheat.

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbs.61.121

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本育種学会  

EvoTreeが育種現場や遺伝研究で活用されるために、系譜の可視化に有効な系譜図自動作成・品種位置変更機能、系譜解析に有効な品種特性表示・系譜抽出機能をEvoTreeに付与した．本報では、EvoTreeの機能の概要を報告し、育種や遺伝研究における利用場面を提案する．

CiNii Books

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot (CR) are two wheat diseases caused by the same Fusarium pathogens. Progress towards CR resistance could benefit from FHB-resistant germplasm if the same genes are involved in resistance to these two different diseases. Two independent studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between host resistances to these two diseases. In the first study 32 genotypes were assessed and no significant correlation between their reactions to FHB and CR was detected. The second study was based on a QTL analysis of a doubled haploid population derived from a variety with resistance to both diseases. Results from this study showed that loci conferring resistance to FHB and CR are located on different chromosomes. Together, these results suggest that, despite a common aetiology, different host genes are involved in the resistance against FHB and CR in wheat. Thus, although it is possible that genes affecting both diseases may exist in other germplasm or under different conditions, separate screening seems to be needed in identifying sources of CR resistance.

DOI： 10.1007/s00122-010-1363-0

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC  

The level of the fungal toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in milled flour and its partitioning between flour and bran of 15 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines with different levels of Fusarium head blight (FHB; mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum) resistance was investigated in Hokkaido, Japan between 2004 and 2007. The DON levels in flour (DON(f)) and bran (DON(b)) showed positive linear relationships with DON levels in whole kernels (DON(k)) (R(2) = 0.94, n = 60, P <= 0.01 and R(2) = 0.93, n = 60, P <= 0.01, respectively). Results indicated that the DON partitioning ratio between flour and bran is primarily related to the level of DON(k), and the DON level was approximately doubled in DON(b) and halved in DON(f) for any level of DON(k). Only one pattern of DON partitioning supported the conventional strategy to select FHB-resistant lines.

DOI： 10.1094/PDIS-94-3-0335

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1094/PDIS-94-3-0335

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPANESE SOC BREEDING  

The natural ability of plants to release chemical substances from their roots that have a suppressing effect on nitrifier activity and soil nitrification, is termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). Though nitrification is one of the critical processes in the nitrogen cycle, unrestricted and rapid nitrification in agricultural systems can result in major losses of nitrogen from the plant-soil system. This nitrogen loss is due to the leaching of nitrate out of the rooting zone and emission of gaseous oxides of nitrogen to the atmosphere, where it causes serious pollution problems. Using a newly developed assay system that quantifies the inhibitory activity of plant roots (i.e. BNI capacity), it has been shown that BNI capacity is widespread among crops and pastures. A tropical pasture grass, Brachiaria humidicola has been used as a model system to characterize BNI function, where it was shown that BNIs can provide sufficient inhibitory activity to suppress soil nitrification and nitrous oxide emissions. Given the wide-range of genetic diversity found among the Triticeae, and the current availability of genetic tools for moving traits/genes across members, there is great potential for introducing/improving the BNI capacity of economically important members of the Triticeae (i.e. wheat, barley and rye). This review outlines the current status of knowledge regarding the potential for genetic improvement in the BNI capacity of the Triticeae. Such approaches are critical to the development of the next-generation of crops and production systems where nitrification is biologically suppressed/regulated to reduce nitrogen leakage and protect the environment from nitrogen pollution

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbs.59.529

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS  

Fusarium head blight, predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) in North America, is a destructive disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production around the world. cDNA microarrays consisting of wheat ESTs derived from a wheat - F. graminearum interaction suppressive subtractive hybridization library were used to investigate QTL-specific differential gene expression between the resistant Chinese cultivar Sumai-3 and two susceptible near isogenic lines (NILs) following inoculation with F. graminearum. Stringent conditions were employed to reduce the false discovery rate. A total of 25 wheat unigenes were found to express differentially in response to F. graminearum infection. Genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins such as beta-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), wheatwins (PR-4), and thaumatin-like proteins (PR-5) showed a significant upregulation in genotypes having the Sumai-3 3BS region. For these three genes, the gene activity was significantly less in the genotype (NIL-3) lacking the Sumai-3 3BS segment. Significant upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was detected only in the resistant Sumai-3, indicating the importance of both the 2AL and 3BS regions in the activation of effective defense responses to infection by F. graminearum. Differences in gene expression between the resistant Sumai-3 and the susceptible NILs were found to be mainly quantitative in nature.

DOI： 10.1139/G09-018

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PubMed

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

During the past decade, numerous studies have been published on molecular mapping of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in wheat. We summarize the relevant findings from 52 quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies, nine research articles on marker-assisted selection and seven on marker-assisted germplasm evaluation. QTL for FHB resistance were found on all wheat chromosomes except chromosome 7D. Some QTL were found in several independent mapping studies indicating that such QTL are stable and therefore useful in breeding programmes. We summarize and update current knowledge on the genetics of FHB resistance in wheat resulting from QTL mapping investigations and review and suggest FHB breeding strategies based on the available information and DNA markers.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2008.01550.x

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業技術研究機構九州沖縄農業研究センター  

小麦新品種「ミナミノカオリ」は、2004年1月に「小麦農林160号」として命名登録された。本品種は、高蛋白質で製パン適性の優れた硬質小麦品種「Pampa INTA」と、早生で短強稈多収の日本めん用系統「西海167号」の交配から、派生系統育種法により選抜固定を図り育成した硬質小麦品種である。「農林61号」と比較して以下のような特徴がある。2～3日程度早生で、褐ぷで稈長と穂長は短く、穂数はやや少なく、耐倒伏性は強い。粒の形は中、粒の大小はやや大、粒の色は褐色で、粒質は硝子質である。千粒重は大きく容積重はやや大きいが、収量はやや少ない。縞萎縮病に強く、赤さび病とうどんこ病にはやや強く、赤かび病にはやや弱い。穂発芽性はやや易である。製粉歩留とミリングスコアはやや高く、60%粉の灰分がやや多く、粉の黄色みは少ない。生地特性が強力的で、パン用硬質小麦の特徴を備えている。「ニシノカオリ」に比べて、パンの比容積(ふくらみ)や官能試験の評点が良く、製パン適性が優れる。また、原麦および60%粉の粗蛋白質含有率が高く、醤油醸造用にも適する。

CiNii Books

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010772285

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}  

DOI： 10.1556/crc.36.2008.suppl.b.14

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Colinearity in gene content and order between rice and closely related cereal crops has been a powerful tool for gene identification. Using a comparative genomic approach, we have identified the rice genomic region syntenous to the region of the short arm of wheat chromosome 2D, on which quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance and for controlling accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) are closely located. Utilizing markers known to reside near the FHB resistance QTL and data from several wheat genetic maps, we have limited the syntenous region to 6.8 Mb of the short arm of rice chromosome 4. From the 6.8-Mb sequence of rice chromosome 4, we found three putative rice genes that could have a role in detoxification of mycotoxins. DNA sequences of these putative rice genes were used in BLAST searches to identify wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs) exhibiting significant similarity. Combined data from expression analysis and gene mapping of wheat homologues and results of analysis of DON accumulation using doubled haploid populations revealed that a putative gene for multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) is a possible candidate for the FHB resistance and/or DON accumulation controlling QTLs on wheat chromosome 2DS and can be used as a molecular marker to eliminate the susceptible allele when the Chinese wheat variety Sumai 3 is used as a resistance source.

DOI： 10.1007/s11032-008-9157-7

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Climate change could strongly affect the wheat crop that accounts for 21 % of food and 200 million hectares of farmland worldwide. This article reviews some of the approaches for addressing the expected effects that climate change may likely inflict on wheat in some of the most important wheat growing areas, namely germplasm adaptation, system management, and mitigation. Future climate scenarios suggest that global warming may be beneficial for the wheat crop in some regions, but could reduce productivity in zones where optimal temperatures already exist. For example, by 2050, as a result of possible climate shifts in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) - currently part of the favorable, high potential, irrigated, low rainfall mega-environment, which accounts for 15% of global wheat production - as much as 51 % of its area might be reclassified as a heat-stressed, irrigated, short-season production mega-environment. This shift would also represent a significant reduction in wheat yields, unless appropriate cultivars and crop management practices were offered to and adopted by South Asian farmers, Under the same climate scenarios, the area covered by the cool, temperate wheat mega-environment could expand as far as 65 degrees N in both North America and Eurasia. To adapt and mitigate the climate change effects on wheat supplies for the poor, germiplasm scientists and agronomists are developing heat-tolerant wheat germplasm, as well as cultivars better adapted to conservation agriculture. Encouraging results include identifying sources of alleles for heat tolerance and their introgression into breeding populations through conventional methods and biotechnology. Likewise, agronomists and extension agents are aiming to cut CO2 emissions by reducing tillage and the burning of crop residues. Mitigation research promises to reduce emissions of nitrous oxide by using infrared sensors and the normalized differential vegetative index (NDVI) that determines the right times and correct amounts of fertilizer to apply. Wheat geneticists and physiologists are also assessing wild relatives of wheat as potential sources of genes with inhibitory effects on soil nitrification. Through the existing global and regional research-for-development networks featuring wheat, technology and knowledge can flow to allow farmers to face the risks associated with climate change. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.019

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

A pyramided FHB resistance line of wheat (WSY) was previously developed from three FHB resistant cultivars (Sumai 3, Wangshuibai, and Nobeokabouzu) in the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China. In the present study, we analyzed the genetic relationship between WSY and the three parental cultivars using DNA markers in order to clarify how many and which resistance genes had accumulated in WSY. We analyzed 282 DNA markers from the 21 wheat chromosomes. WSY was found to include different chromosome regions that harbored putative FHB QTLs of the three parental germplasm. Haplotypes of DNA markers on these QTL regions revealed that the 1BL, 2BL, 5AS, and 7AL QTL regions were from Sumai 3, the 2AS, 2DS, 3AS, and 6BS QTL regions were from Wangshuibai, and the 3BS QTL region was from Nobeokabouzu. This study showed that different resistance genes from the different resistant germplasm had indeed accumulated in WSY. WSY is a potential resistant resource for FHB resistance in wheat breeding programs.

DOI： 10.1007/s10709-007-9186-x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat worldwide. Severe infection can dramatically reduce grain yield and quality. Resistant cultivars have been identified from several countries. However, only a few sources of FHB resistance showed stable FHB resistance across environments and have been used as the major source of resistance in breeding programs. To diversify the wheat FHB-resistance gene pool, new sources of FHB-resistance are desired. Ninety-four selected wheat landraces and cultivars, mainly from China and Japan, have been evaluated for FHB severity and deoxynivaienol (DON) content. Low DON content was correlated with resistance to the FHB symptom spread within an infected spike, but not with the resistance to FHB initial infection. Two-thirds of the accessions were either resistant or moderately resistant to FHB. Among them, 26 highly resistant accessions mainly originated from China and Japan. Fifteen of them had less than 2 mg kg-1 DON in harvested grain, six of which showed all three types of resistance. Most of these resistant accessions lack known pedigree relations to Sumai 3, suggesting that some of them may carry genes for resistance to FHB and DON accumulation different from those in Sumai 3. © Crop Science Society of America. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.2135/cropsci2007.10.0554

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：CEREAL RES INST  

To estimate fungal biomass in grams infected with Fusarium graminearum causing Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), a real-time PCR assay was applied for the quantification of the pathogen DNA based on the copy number of trichothecene synthesis gene (Tri5) sequence. Using 64 lines of wheat and barley in a field, we found significant correlations among the disease severity, deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation and the pathogen DNA amount in the grams from each inoculated spike. The strong relationships were maintained in the susceptible population showing high DON accumulation but not the resistance population with low DON accumulation. These results indicate that (lie PCR assay could be useful for discarding the germplasm very susceptible to FHB disease.

DOI： 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.1.15

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：CEREAL RES INST  

Based on published results in 52 peer reviewed articles QTL for FHB resistance are summarized and compared. Suggestions for resistance breeding are given.

DOI： 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.B.1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AKADEMIAI KIADO RT  

: We review and report the progress of germplasm enhancement for FHB resistance in Japan. Since 1970s, numerous wheat and barley germplasms have been screened for FHB resistance in intensive national breeding system. Resistance to FHB varies not only among wheat varieties but also their wild relatives, but no accession has been found to be completely immune. Spring wheat varieties from the Japanese and Chinese gene pools were screened and analyzed for their genetic diversity. It showed the uniqueness of the Japanese gene pool, and its distinction from the Chinese one. We traced the pedigrees of resistant wheat varieties to examine genetic diversity and potential in Japanese breeding programs. 'Shinchunaga', in addition to 'Saitama 29' and local varieties such as 'Nobeokabouzu-komugi' and 'Nyubai', is considered to the main donors for moderate resistance to FHB in many Japanese commercial varieties. Another contributor 'Sumai 3' from China made gains of the resistance level for modern Japanese commercial varieties. These results showed the advancement in development of new varieties with pyramiding of genes to enrich FHB resistance and low level of rnycotoxin contamination in the breeding programs.

DOI： 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.B.4

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：CEREAL RES INST  

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) caused by several species of Fusarium fungi continues to be a major wheat disease worldwide, causing direct grain yield losses and heath concerns due to mycotoxins. Although chemical intervention call reduce losses, replacing susceptible cultivars with resistant ones is the best recommended control strategy. CIMMYT has been working oil for more than 20 years. Progress has been obtained through the shuttle breeding program between CIMMYT and China, and a network of collaborations has been developed over years with advanced research institutes in USA, Japan, Europe, South America and Australia. Although new significant investments in basic and applied FHB research generated worldwide a wealth of knowledge on the pathogen(s) and genetics of resistance in recent years, sources of host resistance are limited and progress toward releasing new resistant varieties in farmers' fields remains challenging. The concept of a Global Fusarium Initiative (GFI) was presented at the 2(nd) International Symposium oil FHB in Orlando (2004) and a workshop was held ill 2006 in Mexico to foster international collaboration. The need for a GFI facilitated by CIMMYT and informed by technical advisory committees was endorsed. CIMMYT's assets in Mexico include the identification and selection for resistance in broadly adapted germplasm, phenotyping of mapping populations, and a unique platform for germplasm exchange and distribution. Most critical research needs and opportunities for collaborations consist of three areas: FHB-QTL research, study of the Fusarium pathogen and a joint international scab nursery consortium. Actions and decisions are needed to resource this ambitious project and make it sustainable.

DOI： 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.B.3

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.B.3

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：CEREAL RES INST  

The FHB resistance QTL region of wheat chromosome 2DS (QFhs.kibr-2D) flanks the reduced height gene Rht8, which might be a resistance gene complex consisting of morphological traits control led by Rht8 for type I resistance and a specific gene(s) to control type II resistance by detoxification of DON. In this paper, we discussed relationship between plant height and FHB resistance for the QTL on (he wheat chromosome 2DS, QFhs.kibr-2DS.

DOI： 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.B.14

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Using a recombinant luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea assay to quantify biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), we found that a wild relative of wheat (Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev) had a high BNI capacity and releases about 20 times more BNI compounds (about 30 ATU g(-1) root dry weight 24 h(-1)) than Triticum aestivum L. (cultivated wheat). The root exudate from cultivated wheat has no inhibitory effect on nitrification when applied to soil; however, the root exudate from L. racemous suppressed NO3- formation and kept more than 90% of the soil's inorganic-N in the NH4+-form for 60 days. The high-BNI capacity of L. racemosus is mostly associated with chromosome Lr#n. Two other chromosomes Lr#J, and Lr#I also have an influence on BNI production. Tolerance of L. racemosus to NH4+ is controlled by chromosome 7Lr#1-1. Sustained release of BNI compounds occurred only in the presence of NH4+ in the root environment. Given the level of BNI production expressed in DALr#n and assuming normal plant growth, we estimated that nearly 87,500,000 ATU of BNI activity ha(-1) day(-1) could be released in a field of vigorously growing wheat; this amounts to the equivalent of the inhibitory effect from the application of 52.5 g of the synthetic nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin (one AT unit of BNI activity is equivalent to 0.6 mu g of nitrapyrin). At this rate of BNI production it would take only 19 days for a BNI-enabled wheat crop to produce the inhibitory power of a standard commercial application of nitrapyrin, 1 kg ha(-1). The synthetic nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, blocked specifically the AMO (ammonia monooxygenase) pathway, while the BNI from L. racemosus blocked the HAO (hydroxylamine oxidoreductase) pathway in Nitrosomonas. Here we report the first finding of high production of BNI in a wild relative of any cereal and its successful introduction and expression in cultivated wheat. These results demonstrate the potential for empowering the new generation of wheat cultivars with high-BNI capacity to control nitrification in wheat-production systems.

DOI： 10.1007/s11104-007-9360-z

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

We used AFLP analysis to explore the genetic relationship and diversity between and within 4 Mangifera species. We analyzed 35 accessions comprising 8 cultivars and 3 landraces of M. indica L., 11 landraces of M. odorata Griff., 7 landraces of M. foetida Lour., and 6 landraces of M. caesia Jack. Using 8 primer combinations produced a total of 518 bands, 499 (96.3%) of which were polymorphic among the 35 accessions. Clustering analysis showed that all 35 accessions were basically classified into 4 groups corresponding to the 4 Mangifera species. Our results indicate that the genetic relationship of these 4 Mangifera species based on AFLP analysis is in good agreement with their classification by classic methods. In addition, it was clearly revealed the genetic diversity between and within 4 Mangifera species. The findings obtained in this study are useful for the breeding in Mangifera species.

DOI： 10.1007/s10722-004-6695-7

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

To evaluate the genetic diversity and to clarify the genetic relationships of Japanese peach cultivars, we analyzed the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and traced the pedigree of 17 Japanese commercial peach cultivars and six traditional accessions. Sixteen AFLP primer combinations produced a total of 837 fragments and 146 polymorphic bands with a polymorphism percentage of 17.5%. All of the peach accessions could be identified from differences in at least 10 polymorphic bands. A cluster analysis showed that all the Japanese commercial peach cultivars, except 'Kiyomi' and 'Jichigetsuto', formed a major group consisting of three sub-groups. Of the six traditional accessions, four were genetically distant from the Japanese commercial peach cultivars while two accessions from China were classified into the Japanese commercial peach cultivars group. Both the AFLP analysis and pedigree tracing suggested that Japanese commercial peach cultivars are mainly derived from 'Shanhai Suimitsuto', one of the traditional accessions from China. Although the genetic relationships revealed by AFLP were generally in agreement with those shown by the pedigree information, some contradictions were found. Combining the AFLP results and pedigree information can provide a better understanding of the genetic relationships of Japanese peach cultivars.

DOI： 10.1007/s10722-004-0575-z

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

The major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on 3BS from Sumai 3 and its derivatives has been used as a major source of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) worldwide, but resistance genes from other sources are necessary to avoid complete dependence on a single source of resistance. Fifty-nine Asian wheat landraces and cultivars differing in the levels of FHB resistance were evaluated for type II FHB resistance and for genetic diversity on the basis of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Genetic relationships among these wheat accessions estimated by cluster analysis of molecular marker data were consistent with their geographic distribution and pedigrees. Chinese resistant landraces had broader genetic diversity than that of accessions from southwestern Japan. The haplotype pattern of the SSR markers that linked to FHB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 3BS, 5AS and 6BS of Sumai 3 suggested that only a few lines derived from Sumai 3 may carry all the putative QTLs from Sumai 3. About half of the accessions might have one or two FHB resistance QTLs from Sumai 3. Some accessions with a high level of resistance, may carry different FHB resistance loci or alleles from those in Sumai 3, and are worth further investigation. SSR data also clearly suggested that FHB resistance QTLs on 3BS, 5AS, and 6BS of Sumai 3 were derived from Chinese landrace Taiwan Xiaomai.

DOI： 10.1007/s00122-006-0297-z

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本育種学会  

中国・新疆ウイグル自治区(新疆)の普通系コムギ地方品種の多様性と分化の様相を明らかにする目的で,全ゲノムに分布するマイクロサテライトDNA(SSR)多型および数種の形質変異の解析を行った.2004,2005年の両年にわたり,新疆コムギ地方品種75,新疆改良品種3,近隣諸国を含む外国品種61の139品種を供試して,42種類のプライマーセットを用いてSSRの多型分析を行い,電気泳動ザイモグラムの一致度行列をベースにして主座標分析を行った.その結果,比較的寄与度の高い主座標値の分布について,新疆品種と外国品種との間には明瞭な差異が認められ,新疆コムギ地方品種が外国のコムギ品種とは異なる遺伝的特徴を持つことが分かった.日本などのコムギ品種よりは,近隣国のコムギ品種と遺伝的に近い可能性が考えられる.また,新疆地方品種の春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの間にもSSR多型に関する分化がみられ,両者は遺伝的に異なる祖先に由来する可能性が考えられる.さらに,2003年と2004年の両年にわたり新疆ウイグル自治区ウルムチ市において,新疆コムギ地方品種71点を供試して,到穂日数,稈長,穂長,一穂着粒数,一穂小穂数,千粒重の変異を調べ,春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの間の品種分化の様相を明らかにした.また,農業形質の変異を総合的にとらえるために主成分分析を行った.その結果,春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの地方品種の間で,草型,穂相,粒の大きさなどに関して,表現形質の分化が生じていることが分かった.これらの結果から,新疆コムギ地方品種,とくに春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの間には,SSR多型に関しても農業形質に関しても,はっきりと遺伝的ならびに表現型に分化が生じていることが明らかとなった.

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbr.8.161

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010732048

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER HEIDELBERG  

The brittle rachis character, which causes spontaneous shattering of spikelets, has an adaptive value in wild grass species. The loci Br-1 and Br-2 in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and Br-3 in hexaploid wheat (T aestivum L.) determine disarticulation of rachides above the junction of the rachilla with the rachis such that a fragment of rachis is attached below each spikelet. Using microsatellite markers, the loci Br-1, Br-2 and Br-3 were mapped on the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes. The Br-2 locus was located on the short arm of chromosome 3A and linked with the centromeric marker, Xgwm32, at a distance of 13.3 cM. The Br-3 locus was located on the short arm of chromosome 3B and linked with the centromeric marker, Xgwm72 (at a distance of 14.2 cM). The Br-1 locus was located on the short arm of chromosome 3D. The distance of Br-1 from the centromeric marker Xgdm72 was 25.3 cM. Mapping the Br-1, Br-2 and Br-3 loci of the brittle rachis suggests the homoeologous origin of these 3 loci for brittle rachides. Since the genes for brittle rachis have been retained in the gene pool of durum wheat, the more closely linked markers with the brittle rachis locus are required to select against brittle rachis genotypes and then to avoid yield-loss in improved cultivars.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本育種学会  

中国・新疆ウイグル自治区(新疆)の普通系コムギ地方品種の多様性と分化の様相を明らかにする目的で,全ゲノムに分布するマイクロサテライトDNA(SSR)多型および数種の形質変異の解析を行った.2004,2005年の両年にわたり,新疆コムギ地方品種75,新疆改良品種3,近隣諸国を含む外国品種61の139品種を供試して,42種類のプライマーセットを用いてSSRの多型分析を行い,電気泳動ザイモグラムの一致度行列をベースにして主座標分析を行った.その結果,比較的寄与度の高い主座標値の分布について,新疆品種と外国品種との間には明瞭な差異が認められ,新疆コムギ地方品種が外国のコムギ品種とは異なる遺伝的特徴を持つことが分かった.日本などのコムギ品種よりは,近隣国のコムギ品種と遺伝的に近い可能性が考えられる.また,新疆地方品種の春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの間にもSSR多型に関する分化がみられ,両者は遺伝的に異なる祖先に由来する可能性が考えられる.さらに,2003年と2004年の両年にわたり新疆ウイグル自治区ウルムチ市において,新疆コムギ地方品種71点を供試して,到穂日数,稈長,穂長,一穂着粒数,一穂小穂数,千粒重の変異を調べ,春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの間の品種分化の様相を明らかにした.また,農業形質の変異を総合的にとらえるために主成分分析を行った.その結果,春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの地方品種の間で,草型,穂相,粒の大きさなどに関して,表現形質の分化が生じていることが分かった.これらの結果から,新疆コムギ地方品種,とくに春播型コムギと秋播型コムギの間には,SSR多型に関しても農業形質に関しても,はっきりと遺伝的ならびに表現型に分化が生じていることが明らかとなった.

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbr.8.161

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010732048

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA  

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) has proven a powerful tool for tagging genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of interest in plants. However, conversion of AFLP markers into sequence-tagged site (STS) markers is technically challenging in wheat owing to the complicated nature of its genome. In this study, we developed an "extension-AFLP" method to convert AFLP markers associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance into STS markers. When an AFLP marker of interest was detected with an EcoRI+3-MseI+4-selective primer combination, the PCR product was used as a template for an additional selective amplification with four primer pairs, in which one additional selective base (either A, C, G, or T) was added to the 3' end of one of the two primers. The extended primer pair that produced the targeted band was further extended by adding each of the four selective nucleotide bases for the next round of selective amplification. Extension selective amplification was performed until the target bands became clear enough for subsequent cloning and sequencing. By using the extension-AFLP method, we successfully converted two AFLP markers located on chromosome 3BS and associated with FHB resistance into STS markers. Our results indicated that the extension-AFLP method is an efficient approach for converting AFLP markers into STS markers in wheat. The developed STS markers might be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) for FHB resistance in wheat breeding programs.

DOI： 10.1139/G04-022

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER-VERLAG  

Species of the genus Elymus are closely related to some important cereal crops and may thus serve as potential alien genetic resources for the improvement of these crops. E. humidus is indigenous to Japan and is well adapted to a humid climate. However, the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between E. humidus and other Elymus species are unclear. To elucidate these relationships, we examined the sequences of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) variation of nuclear DNA in E. humidus and other related species. A total of 15 sequence mutations from the three non-coding regions, trnL-trnF, trnF-ndhJ(C), and atpB-rbcL, covering approximately 1,800 bp, were detected in the Elymus species. A phylogenic tree resulting from the cpDNA sequence data revealed that all the species containing the St nuclear genome (St, StH, StY, and StHY) formed a well-supported clade that is remote from the Hordeum species (H). This result strongly supports the finding that Pseudoroegneria is the maternal genome donor to the genus Elymus. In addition, E. humidus showed the closest relationship with the cpDNA genome of the Pseudoroegneria species. The AFLP analysis detected 281 polymorphic bands with 11 AFLP primer combinations. The AFLP result showed that E. humidus is relatively closer to E. tsukushiensis. However, the cpDNA sequencing results indicated that E. humidus and E. tsukushiensis have different cytoplasmic origins. Our results suggest that the evolutionary process between E. humidus and E. tsukushiensis is not monophyletic, although the two species have similar morphological characters and adaptability.

DOI： 10.1007/s00122-004-1588-x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

西尾善太, 高田兼則, 田引 正, 伊藤美環子, 竹中重仁, 桑原達雄, 入来規雄, 坂 智広

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbs.54.79

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Two types of male-sterile cytoplasm, designated msm1 and msm2, in barley were investigated to determine whether these cytoplasms confer resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Fusarium head blight (FHB). Alloplasmic lines and isogenic lines of two cultivars showed the same reaction to each BaYMV as that of their euplasmic lines. This demonstrates that the barley male-sterile cytoplasms msm1 and msm2 have no effect on resistance to BaYMV. No significant difference in reactions to FHB was recognized among fertile alloplasmic lines of 'Adorra', but the difference in reactions to FHB between fertile and sterile isogenic lines of 'Adorra' was significant. The damage caused by FHB in the male-sterile lines that produced sterile pollen was significantly greater than the damage in a sterile line that did not produce pollen. These results suggest that pollen or anthers are important factors in infection with or spread of FHB. For production of hybrid seeds, male-sterile lines with no pollen production, such as those with msm1 male-sterile cytoplasm, would reduce FHB infestation.

DOI： 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.00683.x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in areas where the weather is warm and humid after heading. Previous studies indicate that the level of resistance to FHB varies not only among wheat cultivars but also among some of their wild relatives. No accession, however, has yet been identified to be completely immune to FHB among the Gramineae. It is known that durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. conv. durum) is consistently more susceptible to FHB than common wheat (T. aestivum L.). The importance of the D genome in conferring resistance to FHB has been emphasized. Meanwhile, recent studies using molecular markers report effective QTLs on chromosome 3BS in a hexaploid population and on 3A in tetraploid recombinant inbred chromosome lines. In this study, we performed an evaluation of the effects of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides on resistance to FHB using a set of chromosome substitution lines of a durum wheat cultivar 'Langdon'. The accession of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides examined in this study was more susceptible for Type II resistance (resistance to spread of FHB in the head) than 'Langdon'. Both of the chromosome substitution lines of 3A and 3B showed the same level of resistance with 'Langdon', but bleaching of the heads was completely prevented in the substitution lines of chromosome 3A without relationship to rachis fragility. It was concluded that the chromosome 3A of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides carries resistance gene(s) to head bleaching caused by FHB.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本作物学会  

DOI： 10.20751/hdanwakai.42.0_81

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH  

The adaptability of wheat cultivars to environmental conditions is known to be associated with a vernalization requirement, that is, spring/winter habit. To clarify the genetic effect of the spring habit gene, Vrn-D1, on heading time in the field, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with or without the Vrn-D1 gene were produced from F-2 plants of the cross between 'Nanbukomugi' and 'Nishikazekomugi', non-carrier and carrier cultivars of this gene, respectively. Using growth chambers with a controlled temperature and photoperiod, three components of heading time, i.e, vernalization requirement, photoperiodic sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness (earliness per se), were evaluated in each RIL. RILs with the Vrn-D1 gene (E lines) showed greatly reduced vernalization requirements and slightly shorter narrow-sense earliness than RILs without Vrn-D1 (L lines), although no difference in photoperiodic sensitivity was observed between the two groups. RILs were planted at four different sites in Japan and examined for their heading time in the field. E lines headed significantly earlier than L lines at all locations, indicating that the earliness of E lines is stable in various environmental conditions. These results indicated that spring habit caused by Vrn-D1 gene, as well as narrow-sense earliness, was responsible for heading time in the field.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Four hundred and eighty one accessions of species and subspecies of genera Triticum and Aegilops were evaluated for resistance to speckled snow mold caused by Typhula ishikariensis and for freezing tolerance. All Triticum and seven of Aegilops species were severely affected by snow mold. Among surviving Aegilops spp., only the Ae. cylindrica accessions exhibited resistance similar to that of the most resistant winter wheat cultivar, PI 173438. After repeated screening of accessions of Ae. cylindrica, 12 accessions were identified as having resistance similar to that of PI 173438
eleven of those were considered more freezing tolerant than PI 173438, but less than wheat cv. Valjevskaya, the freezing tolerant check. Accessions of Ae. cylindrica with snow mold resistance exceeding that of PI 173438, and with freezing tolerance, are currently being screened.

DOI： 10.1023/A:1013067832651

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本作物学会  

DOI： 10.20751/hdanwakai.41.0_63

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The genetic constitution of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) caused by Fusarium graminearum in the Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and the Japanese cultivar Saikai 165 was investigated using doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Frequency distributions of DHLs derived from two F1 crosses, Sumai 3 (very resistant to resistant
VR-R) / Gamenya (very susceptible
VS) and Sumai 3 / Emblem (VS), fitted well to 1: 2: 1 (resistant: moderately resistant: susceptible) ratios for reaction to FHB in the field. It is suggested that the resistance of Sumai 3 is controlled by two major genes with additive effects. One of the resistance genes may be linked in repulsion to the dominant suppressor B1 for awnedness with recombination values 15.1 ± 3.3% in Sumai 3 / Gamenya and 21.4 ± 4.3% in Sumai 3 / Emblem. Saikai 165 is a Japanese resistant line derived from an F1 Sumai 3 / Asakaze-komugi (moderately resistant
MR). The data for RILs derived from the cross Emblem / Saikai 165, indicates that three resistance genes control the resistance of Saikai 165.

DOI： 10.1023/A:1003951509797

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Japanese Society of Breeding  

Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with a resistance to fungal invasion within plant tissues (Type II resistance) in the case of Fusarium head blight (FHB) was conducted in doubled haploid lines (DHLs) developed from the cross Fukuho-komugi (moderately susceptible)/Oligo culm (very susceptible) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Transgressive segregants of 26 lines with R, MR and M levels of resistance and seven lines with a VS level of resistance were detected in this population of 110 DHLs, using the parental values as standards. It is suggested that the unique configuration of resistance genes is causing the skewed distribution for Type II resistance in this cross. From the results of QTL analysis using 65 RAPD markers in the DHLs, four RAPD markers, OPZ-10680, OPAG-18340, OPAF-06345 and OPW-13435, associated with Type II resistance were identified. Three RAPD markers were linked with recombination values of 6.4 and 11.8%. These RAPD markers were individually selected by t-test. Hence, it is suggested that the specific regions of the tentatively designated linkage group c of the wheat genome are associated with Type II resistance to FHB. As a result, it may be possible to detect the latent susceptible modifier of Fukuho-komugi using three of them. Finally, the relationship between the characteristics of FHB caused by Fusarium graminearum and resistance mechanisms in wheat was analyzed based on the results of this study and data from the literature for the resistance to FHB. It is suggested that breeding strategies including pyramiding of resistance genes and introgression of additive minor genes in an adapted background may enable to make rapid progress in the breeding of FHB-resistant wheat varieties.

DOI： 10.1270/jsbbs.50.131

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本作物学会  

DOI： 10.20751/hdanwakai.40.0_63

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本作物学会  

DOI： 10.20751/hdanwakai.39.0_79

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

A Chinese landrace of barley, Mokusekko 3, is unique in being completely resistant against all strains of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). The present investigation revealed that the resistance of Mokusekko 3 is governed by two recessive genes. As one of the resistance genes was known to be tightly linked with alleles at the Est complex locus, consisting of the Est1, Est2 and Est4 loci for esterase isozymes, each of the resistance genes could be separated by means of marker-assisted selection using an isozyme allelic combination as a marker. One of the resistance genes, yml, is linked to K (hooded lemma) and gl3 (glossy leaf 3) with recombination values of 25.3% and 9.7% respectively, and these three genes are located in the order K-gl3-yml on chromosome 4. Another newly designated resistance gene, ym5, is linked to alleles at the Est complex locus and cu2 (curly growth 2), with recombination values of 1.9% and 19.5% respectively, in the order cu2-Est-ym5 from proximal to distal on the long arm of chromosome 3. The complete resistance of Mokusekko 3 is caused by combining two resistance genes, ym1 and ym5. However, almost all the 'resistant' cultivars derived from crosses with Mokusekko 3 are susceptible to the recently detected strain BaYMV-III in Japan, since they contain only one resistance gene, ym5, Marker-assisted selection to combine resistance genes into a cultivar is discussed for the breeding of stabilizing resistance to BaYMV.

DOI： 10.1007/s001220050489

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Four species of indigenous Japanese Agropyron, namely, Elymus humidus Osada (= Agropyron humidum), E. tsukushiensis Honda var. transiens (= A. tsukushiense), E. racemifer Tsvel. (= A. ciliare) and A. mayebaranum var. intermedium Hatusima were collected and evaluated for their resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB. scab) after inoculation with a conidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe at the flowering stage. The resistance to penetration of FHB and to fungal invasion of rachis internodes was evaluated in each accession in a comparison with six wheat cultivars. The results demonstrated that AG.91-35 of E. humidus and AG.91-24 of E. racemifer had higher resistance to penetration than the resistant wheat cultivars Nobeokabouzu-komugi and Sumai 3, respectively. All accessions of indigenous Japanese species of Agropyron examined, with the exception A. mayebaranum, had a statistically similar resistance to invasion, which was the same as that of Nobeokabouzu-komugi or Sumai 3. In all accessions of E. humidus, with only one exception, no spread of the fungus from the infected spikelets to the rachis internodes was detected at all. The possible application of the strains of Agropyron as genetic resources for development of resistance to FHB in wheat is discussed.

DOI： 10.1023/A:1003078109694

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記述言語：日本語  

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J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Glaucous leaf and tough rachis phenotypes are rare in Aegilops tauschii, the D genome donor to common wheat ( Triticum aestivum). The genes for glaucous leaf and tough rachis were mapped using microsatellite probes in A. tauschii. The glaucous phenotype was suppressed by the inhibitor W2(I) located on chromosome 2DS. The gene W2(I) was mapped to the distal part of 2DS, and was unlinked to the centromere. This suggests that the distance of the W2(I) locus from the centromere was maintained during the evolution of hexaploid wheat from its diploid progenitors as the inhibitor gene is at the same position in A. tauschii and bread wheat. The Br-t ( Brittle rachis of A. tauschii) locus was located on the short arm of chromosome 3D, and was 19.7 cM from the centromeric marker, Xgdm72.3D. Br-t causes breakage of the spike at the nodes, thus creating barrel-shaped spikelets, while Br-1 in hexaploid wheat causes breakage above the junction of the rachilla with the rachis such that a fragment of rachis is attached below each spikelet.

DOI： 10.1007/s10681-005-5193-0

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本植物防疫協会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Liguleless phenotypes of wheat lack ligule and auricle structures on all leaves of the plant. Two recessive genes principally control the liguleless character in tetraploid wheat. The F-2 progenies of k17769 (liguleless mutant)/Triticum dicoccoides and kl7769/T. dicoccum segregated in a 15:1 ratio, whereas the F2 progenies of k.17769/T durum and kl7769/T. turgidum segregated in a 3:1 ratio. A new gene, lg(3), was found on chromosome 2A. Segregation of F-2 progenies between k17769 and chromosome substitution lines for homoeologous group 2 chromosomes suggested that the liguleless genotype had occurred by mutation at the 193 locus on chromosome 2A, and then by mutation at the lg(1), locus on chromosome 2B, in the process of domestication of tetraoloid wheat. The gene (lg(1)) was linked to T-c2 (11.9 cM), which determines phenol colour reaction of kernels, on the long arm of chromosome 2B. The distance of lg(1), to;the centromere was found to be 60.4 cM, and microsatellite mapping established the gene order, centromere - Xgwm382 - Xgwm619 - T-c2 - lg(1) on the long arm of chromosome 2B.

DOI： 10.1007/s10681-004-2425-7

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（大学・研究所紀要）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（大学・研究所紀要）  

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本植物防疫協会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：農林省九州農業試験場  

Fusarium菌がイネ科植物の開花期に穂を侵す赤かび病は，コムギにおいても出穂後に温暖で湿潤な環境条件になる世界中のほとんどの地域で例外なく発生し，甚大な被害を引き起こす重用病害である。赤かび病の防除には耕種的防除や農薬による防除が試みられているが，抵抗性品種を育成するのが最も経済的で効果的である。近縁野生種を含めコムギ品種の中では赤かび病の抵抗性程度に差が認められるが，いずれも環境によって左右される量的な抵抗性であり免疫性を示すものは見つかっていない。これまでに選抜されている抵抗性の品種も，降水量の多い年では赤かび病の大きな被害に遭い実用的に問題がある。更に高度抵抗性のコムギ品種を育成するためにはより有効な遺伝資源を探索する必要がある。一方で，赤かび病は気象条件により日和見的な発生をするため抵抗性を効率的に選抜するのが難しく，また抵抗性の遺伝様式が明らかにされていないため抵抗性品種の育成が大きく立ち遅れている。そのため本研究では，抵抗性品種育成に役立てるため，コムギ赤かび病抵抗性の遺伝学的研究を行った。 より有効な遺伝資源を探索するために，日本産のカモジグサから赤かび病抵抗性に有効な遺伝資源を探索して抵抗性を調べた。ミズタカモジ，カモジグサ，アオカモジ，タリホノオオタチカモジの4種の日本産カモジグサを採集し，赤かび病菌のFusarium graminearumを開花期に摂取して，赤かび病の侵入に対する抵抗性(TypeⅠ)と穂軸への菌糸と仲展に対する抵抗性(TypeⅡ)を検定した。その結果，TypeⅠについてミズタカモジのAG.91-35とアオカモジのAG.91-24が，コムギ抵抗性品種の延岡坊主小麦や蘇麦3号と同等以上の抵抗性を示した。またタリホノオオタチカモジを除く全ての日本産カモジグサは，TypeⅡに関してもコムギ抵抗性品種と同等の抵抗性を示し，特にほとんどのミズタカモジが高度抵抗性で穂軸への赤かび病の仲展が全く見られなかった。供試した材料がTypeⅠとTypeⅡの抵抗性について異なった反応を示すことから，両抵抗性は異なった遺伝子により調節されているものと考えた。 次に，抵抗性品種の蘇麦3号とその派生系統である西海165号の赤かび病抵抗性の遺伝分析を行うために，今までに抵抗性程度が明らかになっているコムギの16品種を標準にして，人工降雨装置を用いた圃場検定法と赤かび病被害に対する反応を評価する判定基準を設定した。この方法を用いて，標準の16品種では赤かび病被害程度からその抵抗性レベルを評価することが可能であり，遺伝分析に適用できる検定法が確立できた。 コムギが赤かび病に対して量的な抵抗性を示すために個体レベルでの遺伝分析が困難であり，本研究では蘇麦3号と西海165号を抵抗性親にして育成した半数体倍加系統(DHLs)と組換型近交系統(RILs)を用いて抵抗性の遺伝様式を調べた。そして抵抗性遺伝子の連鎖分析を行った。蘇麦3号(抵抗性;極強～強)とGamenya(極弱)およびEmblem(極弱)のF1から育成したDHLsは，赤かび病に対する反応(抵抗性R，中間型MR，罹病性S)について1:2:1に分離しており，このことから蘇麦3号の抵抗性が相加的な効果を持つ2個の主働遺伝子に支配されることを明らかにした。これらの組合せのDHLsでは，赤かび病に対する反応と芒の有無とに関連が認められ，蘇麦3号の抵抗性遺伝子の1つが5A染色体の長腕に座乗するB1遺伝子と相反の関係で，組換価15.1±3.3%ないしは21.4±4.3%で連鎖することを明らかにした。西海165号とEmblemのF1から単粒系統法で育成したRILsの分離は，1R:2MR:1Sの分離比から歪み，3遺伝子支配のモデルである7(R+MR):1Sの分離比に適合していた。このことから西海165号は赤かび病抵抗性に関して3個の主働遺伝子をもつと結論した。 更に微働遺伝子の効果を評価するためにフクホコムギ(抵抗性;やや弱MS)とOligo culm(極弱VS)のF1から育成したDHLsを材料に，random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)を染色体地図情報の分子マーカーとして用い，赤かび病に対するTypeⅡの抵抗性に関与する量的遺伝子座(QTL)の分析を試みた。110系統のDHL集団の中で26系統が両親よりも抵抗性の強(R)，やや強(MR)，中(M)である超越分離が認められ，一方，罹病性親のOligo culmよりも病徴が激しい7系統が分離した。このことから，この組み合わせではTypeⅡの抵抗性に関して両親が1～2個の異なる遺伝子をもつと考えた。65個のRAPDマーカーを用いたQTL分析の結果，TypeⅡの抵抗性に関与するOPZ-10680，OPAG-18340，OPAF-06345およびOPW-13435の4個のマーカーが個別にt検定により選び出された。そのうち3個のRAPDマーカーは，それぞれ6.4%および11.8%の組換価で連鎖していた。この3個のRAPDマーカーが座乗する染色体には赤かび病のTypeⅡの抵抗性に関与するQTL領域があると考えられた。そして，今回選抜したRAPDマーカーを用いて，フクホコムギが潜在的にもつ罹病性の修正遺伝子を説明できることを示した。 最後に，本研究の結果とこれまでのコムギ赤かび病抵抗性に関する報告をまとめて赤かび病の病徴および発病現象とコムギの抵抗性メカニズムについてのモデルを提唱し，実用的な赤かび病抵抗性のコムギ品種育成を加速するための，遺伝学的な研究の方向について考察を行った。

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010630948

記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本育種学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業生物資源研究所  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：九州農業試験研究機関協議会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本育種学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本育種学会  

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開催年月日： 2022年3月

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

添付ファイル： 141program_oral.pdf

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開催年月日： 2020年12月

<title>Abstract</title>Advances in genomics have expedited the improvement of several agriculturally important crops but similar efforts in wheat (<italic>Triticum</italic> spp.) have been more challenging. This is largely owing to the size and complexity of the wheat genome¹, and the lack of genome-assembly data for multiple wheat lines^2,3. Here we generated ten chromosome pseudomolecule and five scaffold assemblies of hexaploid wheat to explore the genomic diversity among wheat lines from global breeding programs. Comparative analysis revealed extensive structural rearrangements, introgressions from wild relatives and differences in gene content resulting from complex breeding histories aimed at improving adaptation to diverse environments, grain yield and quality, and resistance to stresses^4,5. We provide examples outlining the utility of these genomes, including a detailed multi-genome-derived nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein repertoire involved in disease resistance and the characterization of <italic>Sm1</italic>⁶, a gene associated with insect resistance. These genome assemblies will provide a basis for functional gene discovery and breeding to deliver the next generation of modern wheat cultivars.

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その他リンク： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2961-x

開催年月日： 2020年11月

記述言語：英語  

<title>Abstract</title> Bread wheat is a major crop that has long been the focus of basic and breeding research. Assembly of its genome has been difficult because of its large size and allohexaploid nature (AABBDD genome). Following the first reported assembly of the genome of the experimental strain Chinese Spring (CS), the 10+ Wheat Genomes Project was launched to produce multiple assemblies of worldwide modern cultivars. The only Asian cultivar in the project is Norin 61, a representative Japanese cultivar adapted to grow across a broad latitudinal range, mostly characterized by a wet climate and a short growing season. Here, we characterize key aspects of its chromosome-scale genome assembly spanning 15 Gb with a raw scaffold N50 of 23 Mb. Analysis of the repetitive elements identified chromosomal regions unique to Norin 61 that encompass a tandem array of the pathogenesis-related-13 family. We report novel copy-number variations in the B homeolog of the florigen gene FT1/VRN3, pseudogenization of its D homeolog, and the association of its A homeologous alleles with the spring/winter growth habit. Further, the Norin 61 genome carries typical East Asian functional variants from CS ranging from a single nucleotide to multi-Mb scale. Examples of such variation are the Fhb1 locus, which confers Fusarium head-blight resistance, Ppd-D1a, which confers early flowering, Glu-D1f for Asian noodle quality, and Rht-D1b, which introduced semi-dwarfism during the green revolution. The adoption of Norin 61 as a reference assembly for functional and evolutionary studies will enable comprehensive characterization of the underexploited Asian bread wheat diversity.

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開催年月日： 2020年11月

記述言語：英語  

<title>Abstract</title>Advances in genomics have expedited the improvement of several agriculturally important crops but similar efforts in wheat (<italic>Triticum</italic> spp.) have been more challenging. This is largely owing to the size and complexity of the wheat genome¹, and the lack of genome-assembly data for multiple wheat lines^2,3. Here we generated ten chromosome pseudomolecule and five scaffold assemblies of hexaploid wheat to explore the genomic diversity among wheat lines from global breeding programs. Comparative analysis revealed extensive structural rearrangements, introgressions from wild relatives and differences in gene content resulting from complex breeding histories aimed at improving adaptation to diverse environments, grain yield and quality, and resistance to stresses^4,5. We provide examples outlining the utility of these genomes, including a detailed multi-genome-derived nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein repertoire involved in disease resistance and the characterization of <italic>Sm1</italic>⁶, a gene associated with insect resistance. These genome assemblies will provide a basis for functional gene discovery and breeding to deliver the next generation of modern wheat cultivars.

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その他リンク： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2961-x

開催年月日： 2020年1月

記述言語：日本語  

開催地：名古屋大学 理学南館 坂田・平田ホール  

麦類赤かび病（Fusarium head blight, Fusarium head scab, Whaet scab）は、Fusarium graminearum Schwabe（= Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch）を始め17種以上のFusarium属の糸状菌群が、麦類、トウモロコシ、イネなどのイネ科植物のほか多数の植物を侵す多犯性の植物病害である。赤かび病菌は、主にイネ科植物の出穂期以降（開花期〜乳熟期）に穂を侵すほか、種子・土壌伝染による苗立ち枯れや麦類・イネ科牧草の紅色雪腐病を引き起こす。その中で、近年世界各地でコムギ赤かび病の病原菌として問題になっているのがF. graminearumである。赤かび病は麦類の子実の収量・品質が低下するばかりでなく、人畜に有害な赤かび毒（トリコテセン系毒素、ゼアラレノン）を産生するため食品衛生上からも大きな問題となっている。 赤かび病の流行と被害の発生を防ぐために、耕種的な防除や殺菌剤など農薬を用いた防除、拮抗微生物の利用、抵抗性品種の育成と抵抗性の遺伝学的研究成果が蓄積されている。日本では、1970年代に入り世界各地での抵抗性遺伝資源の探索により有効な交配母本が選抜され積極的な抵抗性育種が進められたが、当初は（１）近縁野生種を含め麦類の遺伝資源には、赤かび病に対する抵抗性程度には大きな変異が認められるが免疫的な抵抗性は見られず抵抗性育種素材が不足しており、（２）罹病性程度が環境条件により変化するため、抵抗性が量的な形質として発現して正確な抵抗性検定と評価が困難であり、幼病検定を始め効率的な抵抗性選抜が困難で、（３）抵抗性に関する遺伝的、生理的、病理学的な情報が十分でなく、効果的かつ戦略的な品種改良が困難を極めた。1976年に中国から赤かび病抵抗性系統の‘蘇麦３号（Sumai3）’が導入され、九州在来種である‘延岡坊主小麦’や‘入梅’が高度抵抗性母本として選抜されて、1980年代には高い抵抗性レベルの実用品種が育成されるようになった。1990年代に入って抵抗性に関する遺伝的な解析も進み、DNAマーカーを用いた効率的な選抜法の開発が進展した。 赤かび病の大発生と被害は世界的にも数多く報告されており、中国では揚子江の中・下流域で、２〜４年ごとにコムギで30〜40%の減収をもたらす赤かび病の流行が続いている。ヨーロッパでも古くは東ヨーロッパ諸国を中心に赤かび病大発生の報告があり、ハンガリーでは1970年に40〜50%の面積で被害が出ており、ドイツでは1987年と1995年、フランスでも1995年には赤かび病の発生が増大していた。1993年の米国のミネソタ州、ノースダコタ州、サウスダコタ州の３州の州境地域からカナダのマニトバ州にかけて麦類赤かび病の大発生は甚大で、北アメリカ史上最大の4,000,000haに及ぶコムギやビール麦畑で、収量減と品質低下による被害が10億ドルにも及んだ。同時に収穫物中のDON汚染の懸念が高まり、DONの暫定的な耐容一日摂取量（TDI）が示され、2002年には日本でもコムギ中のDONの暫定基準1.1ppmが設定された。 DON, 3ADON, 15ADONはコムギの葉や穂に病班を起こし、トリコテセンを作らないF. graminearumのTri5− では赤かび病被害が低減することから、DONはコムギ赤かび病菌の病原性に関わると考えられている。特に赤かび粒（FDK: Fusarium damaged kernel）程度と穀粒中のDON蓄積量との因果関係が認められる。一方でコムギのDON, NIVへの抵抗性との関連や詳細な作用機作については明らかでない。さらに、Fusarium菌が産生するマイコトキシンによるケモタイプの分布とコムギの遺伝子型との間での適応度(fitness)についても、十分な見解が得られていない。 育種現場でのコムギの赤かび病抵抗性を評価する際に、赤かび病の症状と抵抗性の関係について、Type I：菌の侵入に対する抵抗性、Type II：組織内での菌の伸展に対する抵抗性、Type III：毒素（DON）の分解能力、Type IV：マイコトキシンの蓄積に対する耐性、Type V：穀粒の感染に対する抵抗性、Tolerance：収量の回復、維持 (Mesterházy et al. 1999) の６機作が考えられ、それぞれに異なった遺伝子に支配されていると考えられる。それぞれを赤かび抵抗性の表現形質として新たなコムギの抵抗性遺伝資源が選抜され、2000年代前半にはコムギのDNAマーカーが多数開発されて、その量的形質の遺伝子座（QTL）の解析が進んだ。CIMMYT（国際とうもろこしコムギ改良センター）での国際コンソーシアムで52報の研究論文をレヴューしたところ、ほぼ全ての染色体で200以上のQTLが検出されていた。現在、Fhb1〜Fhb7のQTLが単因子化されており、蘇麦３号由来の3B染色体短腕上のFhb1遺伝子座が世界で最も広く効果的に利用されている。 ヒトゲノムの５倍、イネゲノムの40倍サイズで、大凡17Gbのコムギゲノムが最初の品種Chinese Springで解読された。ゲノム解読技術は加速して進展し、今年新たに世界のコムギ10品種以上で全ゲノム解読が終了している（10+ GENOME PROJECT）。このゲノム情報により、マップベースクローニングでFhb1遺伝子座の最初の抵抗性候補遺伝子としてPore-forming toxin-like (PFT)が報告された。その後いくつかの議論が交わされて、Putative histidine-rich calcium-binding proteinが赤かび病の罹病性に関連し、それを欠損した対立遺伝子TaHRC-RがFhb1の抵抗性を発現することが示された。コムギの遺伝育種研究がゲノム情報時代に至り、学際的研究の新展開によりマイコトキシンと赤かび病抵抗性との関連がより鮮明になりことで、新たな制御技術の開発が期待される。

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開催年月日： 2019年7月

記述言語：英語  

開催地：サスカツーン、サスカチュワン   国名：カナダ  

添付ファイル： 190720 IWC Poster (P114) for PRNs.pdf

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開催年月日： 2016年7月

記述言語：英語  

In this study the application of α-ketol derivative of linolenic acid, KODA, was investigated in terms of root growth, plant development and crop production in response to CaCO3-imposed high pH (8.5) and drought, two major abiotic stresses for wheat production in Afghanistan. Two spring wheat cultivars, the Japanese cultivar Yumeshiho and a cultivar from Kihara Afghan wheat landraces (KAWLR) with long root (LR-504; KU11202Bb), were used in a CaCO3 experiment. Another set of spring wheat cultivars, a KAWLR with short root (SR-823; KU7542), a KAWLR with long root (LR-744; KU7453), and a non-Japanese modern cultivar Lalmi-2, were used in the drought experiment. KODA significantly enhanced root elongation in Yumeshiho under CaCO3-imposed alkalinity conditions. For the drought experiment, KODA significantly increased seed germination in all cultivars. KODA-treated plants had increased root and shoot growth in normal culture conditions and greater recovery from drought, with the greatest root length in Lalmi-2 (43–51%). Interestingly, KODA-treated plants tends to increase production, in terms of an increase in productive tillers, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per plant. The recovery rates for plants that received KODA, in terms of grain weight per plant, were 2.5–3% in Lalmi-2, 13–15% in SR-823, and 11–13% in LR-744. In preliminary investigation, KODA-treated root showed moderate increasement and stability in wheat root expansin genes under normal culture condition. These KODA-mediated physiological traits could be useful to efficiently uptake water and nutrients, and promote stable production in response to drought and high carbonate alkaline soils worldwide.

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会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：九州大学  

ユメシホウの秋播き栽培で播種前に５μMのKODA/DWFを種子処理すると、通常生育が阻害される追肥なしの貧栄養環境で、追肥あり条件で栽培した対照区に比べて個体あたりの有効分げつ数・粒数・粒重の収量3要素で7%から35％の生育回復効果を示した。一方、追肥あり条件ではKODA/DWF処理が抑制的に作用することがあり、機能する至適濃度の検討が必要である。春播きにより貧栄養環境下で栽培したユメシホウは、KODA/DWF処理により追肥ありの対照区に比べて個体あたりの粒数・粒重で増加傾向を示したが、分げつ数には変化が見られなかった。以上より、KODA/DWF種子処理は貧栄養環境下での生育ストレスからコムギの回復力を増加し、特に冬季の栄養成長期のストレスに対してその後の有効分げつ数を確保する効果を発揮した。この効果の程度は、6つの異なる品種間で差異が認められた。

添付ファイル： poster_ver4 長嶺＿TBReply.pdf

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：札幌コンベンションセンター  

野生オオムギHordeum bulbosum L.は、花成による有性生殖だけでなく、地下で球茎を形成し栄養生殖も行う多年生植物である。この球茎形成は春化条件と短日条件から長日条件への日長変化によって誘導される。しかし、その球茎形成を誘導する分子機構は不明である。光周性花成のマスター制御因子であるFTは、花成だけでなく、栄養繁殖器官であるジャガイモ塊茎やタマネギ鱗茎の形成も誘導していることが近年明らかにされている。そこで本研究では、H. bulbosumの球茎形成誘導へのFT遺伝子の関与を解析した。解析を始めるにあたり、実験室内で球茎形成を誘導できる環境条件を確立した。次に、H. bulbosumから14個のFT様遺伝子、3個のFD様遺伝子(HbFT、HbFD)を同定し、RT-PCR法を用いて球茎誘導過程における発現パターンを解析した。その結果、いくつかのFTとFDは球茎誘導過程で発現上昇し、酵母においてFT受容体14-3-3と結合し、イネ細胞において花芽形成遺伝子OsMADS15の発現を上昇させる活性を示すことが明らかになった。FTによる球茎誘導の可能性について考察する。

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：Osanbashi Hall, Yokohama  

KODA (9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid) isolated from duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) was found to be involved in enhanced root growth and plant development in wheat under environmental stress such as alkalinity and drought (Haque et al. 2016). In this study, we investigated effects of KODA in wheat cultivars under low nutrient condition over different growing seasons. We used Japanese wheat core collection consisting of 94 cultivars. Seeds were imbibed with 1 or 5 μM KODA for 2 days at room temperature in the dark before sowing. In the field condition, seeds were sown in spaced planting at the experimental farm of Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Japan. First nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the soil before sowing. Second application of nitrogen was withhold until the leaves become yellow as nitrogen and other nutrient elements deficiency confirmed with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements. Grain yield of KODA treated plants was increased by 12% in general in late autumn sowing. Interestingly, top yielding eight cvs. with KODA treatment were increased 38% of grain weight/plant, 50 cvs. In middle class by 12%, and 8 genotypes showed slight effects of KODA by 7% increasing when the data were plotted in descending order of KODA treated order (+base). In the case of mock treated order (-base), genetically low yielding cvs. showed great KODA effect by 57% yield increasing. Among yield components studied, generally 6% of productive tillers, 9% of seed numbers and 11% of biomass were increased, respectively. However, 1000 grain weight didn’t changed suggesting that grain yield gained due to greater seed number and productive tillers. In our preliminary investigation, KODA treated root showed moderate increase and stability in wheat root expansin genes under normal culture condition. These KODA mediated physiological traits could be useful to efficiently uptake water and nutrients, and promote stable production in response to drought and high carbonate alkaline soils. We also apply KODA on a hydroponic culture of wheat to examine resilience effect of plants reviving potential under a severe osmotic stress with 30% PEG (equal to −1.2 MPa).

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：サスカツーン、カナダ  

KODA (9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid) isolated from duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) was found to be involved in enhanced root growth and plant development in wheat under environmental stress such as alkalinity and drought. We investigated resilience effects of KODA on wheat growth under low nutrient condition. These KODA and its commercial product (Duckweed fertilizer: DFW) mediated physiological traits could be useful to efficiently uptake water and nutrients, and promote stable production in response to drought and high carbonate alkaline soils. We also apply KODA on a hydroponic culture of wheat to examine resilience effect of plants reviving potential under a severe osmotic stress with 30% PEG (equal to −1.2 MPa) or sever ion deficiency. KODA treatment before sowing showed effects to bear up wheat vegetative growth against the environmental stresses to save biomass in the winter season under the nitrogen and other elements deficiency condition, then keep productive tiller number in the stem elongation stage and recover the final grain yield with increasing seed number . This novel tool mediated by KODA improve plant growth ability against the nitrogen and ion deficiency increasing nutrients use efficiency and other environmental stresses for resilience and robustness of wheat and other crops growth.

添付ファイル： 190720 IWC Poster (P114) for PRN 2.jpg

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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種別：出前授業

YSFHでのサイエンスリテラシー（SL１）の特別授業で、植物のサイエンスと生物の多様性、SATREPSプロジェクトを通じた日本の科学技術の国際貢献について授業した

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種別：フェスティバル

よこはま国際フェスタにSATREPSアフガニスタンコムギプロジェクトが横浜市立大としてブースを出展。

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種別：インターネット

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種別：出前授業

里見腎泌尿器科医院開院15周年記念の会にて依頼講演 「アフガニスタン在来コムギの里帰り ―生命科学を地球の医師に―」

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種別：セミナー・ワークショップ

JATAFF主催の海外遺伝資源の利用に関するセミナーにて依頼講演「海外遺伝資源利用に関する海外の機関との連携について」

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対象： 高校生

種別：講演会

SATREPSプロジェクトの講演・パネルディスカッション参加「これからの時代を生きる －熱高生に期待すること－」
http://www.atsuta-h.aichi-c.ed.jp/60th.html

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種別：セミナー・ワークショップ

Dr. Thomas Lumpkin所長、Dr. Hans Braun部長、Dr. Sara Boetigger理事長、Dr. 岩本睦夫理事が横浜市立大学木原生物学研究所を来訪。SATREPSプロジェクトをはじめとする研究協力のためのMOU更改と、国際教育セミナーの開催

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種別：サイエンスカフェ

SATREPS写真展への出展展示とコーヒーアワートーク（2.23と3.1、アフガニスタン現地とSkype中継）

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対象： 中学生

種別：出前授業

JST SATREPSインターンシップ報告会をプロジェクトから参観

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対象： 中学生,　大学生

種別：出前授業

SATREPS写真展企画会議にて、JST-SATREPSインターン生（大学生、中学生）にプロジェクト内容を紹介

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対象： 高校生,　教育関係者

種別：出前授業

特別授業・「プロフェッショナルトーク」で、植物のサイエンスと生物の多様性、SATREPSプロジェクトを通じた日本の科学技術の国際貢献について授業した。

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執筆者：本人以外 

横浜市立大学発のクラフトビールが、今年も発売される。コロナ禍で一時はビールづくりが危ぶまれたが、学生たちがクラウドファンディング（CF）で資金を集め、発売にこぎつけた。
麦の遺伝子研究で知られる同大学・木原生物学研究所（横浜市戸塚区）。その近くに広がる約16アールの畑で、3人の市立大生が麦の栽培にいそしんでいる。昨年12月中旬に芽が出始め、2カ月で15センチまで成長した。
学生たちは定期的に麦踏みをする。麦を踏むことで根っこがしっかりと張るからだ。畑に通う鈴木悠斗さん（理学部3年）は「おいしいビールを飲んでもらうために頑張りたい」。例年、収穫期の5月末には高さ1・2メートルまで育つという。
同研究所では、畑で栽培した大麦でビールをつくるプロジェクトを続けている。ビール製造は厚木市の地ビール会社サンクトガーレンが担い、「KORNMUTTER（コルンムッター）」の名で17年から販売してきた。名付け親は同研究所の坂（ばん）智広教授（植物遺伝育種学）。「コルンムッターはドイツでは穀物の精霊として知られ、『麦の母』という別名がある。麦と学生の成長を見守ってほしいと思い名付けた」と言う。
例年5月末に麦を収穫しているが、昨年の春はコロナ禍で学生の通学が制限され、収穫の適期を逃してしまった。地元農家の協力でなんとか6月末に収穫できたが、畑の手入れが十分にできなかったことでビールの原料となる麦芽がつくれず、廃棄せざるを得なくなった。坂教授は「代々、学生たちがビールづくりのバトンをつないできただけに、ショックでぼうぜんとしました」と振り返る。
学生たちは一時ビールづくりを諦めかけたが、なんとしてもバトンをつなごうと、活動資金を募るCFを昨年12月に立ち上げた。学内外から寄付金が集まり、1カ月も経たないうちに目標額の60万円を突破。最終的には約90万円が集まった。
今年は、15年に収穫して冷蔵庫に保管していた小麦を使って麦芽をつくり、それを原料にビールをつくることになった。麦畑の手入れに関わってきた高橋完治さん（理学部3年）は「先輩たちと同じようにビールづくりができてうれしい。自分たちも後輩のためにバトンをつなぎたい」と話す。
今年のビールは桜の花や葉からうまみを抽出した「桜餅風味」という。約5千本（1本330ミリリットル）製造し、3月中旬に発売予定だ。販売はサンクトガーレンのサイト（https://www.sanktgallenbrewery.com/別ウインドウで開きます）などで。問い合わせは同社（046・224・2317）か同研究所（045・820・2404）へ。（岩本修弥）

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2019年3月、横浜市立大学の学生が戸塚区舞岡町で生産した大麦のビール
「KORNMUTTER（コルンムッター）」が誕生しました。ところが2020年は収穫時期
と新型コロナウイルスの緊急事態宣言で活動ができず、収穫が遅れてしまいま
した。梅雨前になんとか収穫した大麦のミカモゴールデンは残念ながらほとんど
発 芽 せず 、プ ロ ジェクトに 暗 雲 が … 。
2021年は木原生物学研究所での研究栽培で以前に冷蔵保存していた小麦種子
で醸造を続け、2022年に命をつなぎます。今 年 3月上 旬 発 売 の 小 麦 のビール
KORNMUTTER SAKURA 2021スペシャルバージョンを飲んで学生の未来を応援し
たいですね。

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執筆者：本人以外 

横浜市立大学舞岡キャンパス木原生物学研究所は８月22日（土）、「種なしスイカ」をテーマにオンラインセミナーを行う。毎年夏に開催してきた「一日施設公開」は中止になり、これに代わる行事の一つとして開催する。

一般に広く親しまれている「種なしスイカ」は、意外に知られていないが、同研究所創設者で植物遺伝学者の木原均博士（１８９３〜１９８６）が概念を確立した「ゲノム」研究の中で、博士が世界で初めて開発したもの。この伝統を受け継ぎ同研究所では、現在も施設公開での試食用に赤や黄色の種なしスイカ、種があるオレンジや白色のスイカなど珍しい品種を育てている。圃場（畑）を管理する職員の竹内今人（いまと）さんは「今年は苗を２回に分けて植えた。前半は日照時間が少なく育てるのが難しかったが、後半のものは大きく育ちそう」と期待を込める。

子どもにワクワクを

一日施設公開は、同研究所で10年以上前から開催しており、身近な食物を使った体験など、幅広い世代が楽しめる行事。昨年の来場者は５００人を超える盛況だったが、今年は新型コロナウイルスの影響で中止に。竹内さんと坂（ばん）智広教授らは、こうした状況でも子どもたちに学ぶ楽しさを提供しようと、ビデオ会議システムＺｏｏｍを使ったセミナーを企画。当日は種なしスイカ開発の歴史や作り方などを紹介し、質問も受ける。坂教授は「子どもに『知らないことを知ってワクワクする』体験をしてもらえれば」と笑顔で話す。

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梅雨があければ本格的な夏の到来！
夏になるとさらに飲みたくなるのがビール。
日本のビール発祥の地・横浜に今なお残るビール産業の痕跡から新進気鋭のクラフトビール＆大学

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執筆者：本人以外 

横浜市立大学は学内の研究所で栽培した大麦を使ったクラフトビール「コルンムッター」を開発した。学生らが原料を栽培し、製造は県内の地ビール会社、サンクトガーレンが担当。指導役の坂智広教授は「大量製造でないビールだからこそ、育んだ水、土、空気を味わってほしい」と話す。木原生物学研究所は小麦の起源を特定し、遺伝・進化学の権威と呼ばれた故・木原均博士が開いた植物科学の研究拠点。2015年から「みらい麦畑化計画」と題した研究プロジェクトの一環で学生や地域住民が麦踏みなど大麦栽培に取り組み、17年に第1弾の商品を発売。19年に第2弾（330ミリリットル入り税別400円）、20年は卒業・入学シーズン向けに桜のフレーバー（同、税別460円）も追加した。コルンムッターはドイツ語で「麦の母」を意味する。ミカモゴールデンという品種を用いたビールは「色は薄いがフレーバーが高い」。16アールの畑で農薬に頼らず栽培する大麦から年3000～6000本製造できる。輸入段階で鮮度が失われがちな海外産大麦に対し「横浜産」は香り高さやフレッシュさが持ち味だ。

「学生は発酵の化学式をわかっていても、ビールをどう作るかは知らない。学びが暮らしに生きていないことが多い」と坂教授。講義などでビール造りを紹介し、参加希望の学生を募集。学生は入れ替わりつつも、ブランドは次第に定着してきた。大学が28年に創立100年を迎えることも見据え、定期的にビールを醸造していきたい考えだ。「『自然の循環を生かしたビール』という世界観も循環していけばいい」と期待を寄せる。

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執筆者：本人以外 

横浜市戸塚区舞岡町にある横浜市立大学木原生物学研究所で、麦からビールを造るプロジェクトが進んでいます。学生たちが種まきからかかわるビールは、「食の当たり前」を問いかけながら、地産地消の新たなムーブメントになりそうな予感です。春らしい季節限定ビールも完成しました。

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執筆者：本人以外 

横浜市立大学木原生物学研究所（舞岡町）で栽培された大麦を使用したクラフトビール、「ＫＯＲＮＭＵＴＴＥＲ（コルンムッター） ＳＡＫＵＲＡ」が３月13日から販売されている。春らしく桜餅風味のビールで、爽やかな喉ごしが特徴。好評を博しそうだ。

同研究所が育てた大麦「ミカモゴールデン」という品種を使用し、クラフトビール製造会社のサンクトガーレン（厚木市）で製造されたこのビール。桜の花と葉を加えたことから桜餅風味となっており、”春らしさ”を味わえる一品だ。同研究所の坂（ばん）智広教授は「出会いや別れのシーズンである春に、お祝いなどで飲んでほしい」と話す。

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執筆者：本人以外 

横浜市立大学木原生物学研究所（横浜市戸塚区舞岡町）で栽培した大麦を使った、春限定クラフトビール「KORNMUTTER（コルンムッター） SAKURA」が販売された。

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横浜市立大学木原生物学研究所（横浜市戸塚区）で栽培した大麦を使用した春限定のクラフトビール「ＫＯＲＮＭＵＴＴＥＲ（コルンムッター） ＳＡＫＵＲＡ」が、１３日に発売される。同研究所の麦を使ったビールは２０１７年に初めて発売され、今回は第３弾。サクラの花と葉を使用し、春にふさわしい「桜餅風味」のビールに仕上がったという。

麦の研究で知られる同研究所では、品種改良などの研究のため、麦を栽培してきた。学生たちを中心に育てる麦を活用しようと、ビール造りが持ち上がり、クラフトビールを手がけるサンクトガーレン（厚木市）が醸造・販売することで実現した。

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執筆者：本人以外 

一粒の麦から始めよう。横浜市立大学発、横浜産ビールへの挑戦
国内の商用ビール発祥地である横浜で、麦からビールをつくる取り組みを横浜市立大学木原生物学研究所（戸塚区舞岡町）が進めています。なぜビールを大学で？ 2015年に始まったこのプロジェクトの背景を探ると、都市農業から世界の食糧問題まで話題は及びます。世界有数の麦の研究機関である同研究所の坂（ばん）智広教授がキーワードとしてあげるのが「醸す」という言葉。「公立大学というと真面目な印象がありますが、ビールを醸すことで、話題を醸す、物議を醸す。みんなで集まって語ってつくって、ビールづくりを通して植物と食と環境をつなぎ、循環していくっていう話をしたい。また、理屈だけでなく、楽しくつながれるのがお酒です」と坂教授。かつて小麦の栽培が盛んだった横浜でもう一度麦を育てようと、2015年から16アールのほ場で、小麦と大麦の栽培を始めました。そして、2017年に初めて、自然の循環を意識した自家栽培の大麦を使ったオリジナルのクラフトビールを世に送り出したのです。

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執筆者：本人以外 

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花を咲かせるのが珍しい竹の一種「タイミンチク」が、横浜市中区の日本庭園「三渓園」で昨年に続いて開花した。竹はイネ科の植物で花びらはなく、麦のような穂から白っぽいおしべがほろりとこぼれている。専門家は「開花などにまつわる謎は多く、貴重な観察対象。ぜひ花を見つけに来て」と話している。
タイミンチクは沖縄や九州南部に多い品種で、高さ三～五メートルほど。同園では明治二十～三十年代に植えられ、地下茎を伸ばして株を増やした。花は一九二八（昭和三）年に咲いたとの資料があり、昨年は五～六月に開花し、八十九年ぶりの花を目当てにする来園者でにぎわった。
今年は二月上旬に咲き始め、先月下旬から花の数が増えてきた。スマートフォンで撮影していた同区新山下の木下信彰さん（７０）は「目立たない花だけに、はかない感じがしていい」と語る。
横浜市立大・木原生物学研究所の坂（ばん）智広教授（５５）によれば、竹のライフサイクルは数十～百年程度。成熟すると一斉に開花し、残った穂が翌年以降も花を付けると考えられる。タイミンチクは昨年、一斉開花した可能性があるが、先行研究はなく、開花周期や生態は分かっていない。坂教授は「何十年に一度という不思議さを感じながら、花を探すだけでも面白い。一年サイクルであくせく働く現代人にとって、いったん立ち止まって人生を考えるきっかけになりそう」と笑顔を見せた。
園内では、もう一種の竹「オロシマチク」も花を付けている。入園料は高校生以上七百円、小中学生二百円。問い合わせは同園＝電０４５（６２１）０６３４＝へ。 （梅野光春）

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横浜市大生がビール作り（NHK首都圏ネットワーク 2017 9 12放送）

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中区の三溪園で、「１００年に一度」といわれる竹と笹の花が咲き、来場者の注目を集めている。

開花したのは、開園前から同地に植栽されているタイミンチク＝写真＝と、三溪記念館近くに１９８９年に植えられたオロシマササ。どちらもイネ科で、稲穂のように小さな縦長の黄色い花をつけている。同園によると１９２８年に「三溪園で竹の花が咲いた」という研究者の記録が残っており、今回の開花はそれ以来。見頃の期間は不明だという。
既に新聞などで取り上げられ、一目見ようと来園者が増加。急きょ「この周辺で見られます」という案内板を用意し対応している。

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横浜市中区の三渓園で、竹とササの花が咲いている。竹の開花周期は１００年前後ともいわれ、期間の長さから正確な記録はほとんど残っていないが、同園では１９２８年に竹が開花したとの記録があり、今回約９０年ぶりの開花という。花が咲いているのはタイミンチクとオロシマササ。１カ所から束のように生えるのが特徴のタイミンチクの花は、中国風建築「聚星軒（じゅせいけん）」の跡地周辺で見られる。園職員の羽田雄一郎さん（４１）は「なぜこれだけ長い周期なのかは分からないが、植物には神秘がたくさんある。時を超えるロマンを感じてほしい」。（鈴木孝英）

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横浜市立大学木原生物学研究所（舞岡町）で栽培された大麦を使用したクラフトビール「ＫＯＲＮ（コルン）ＭＵＴＴＥＲ（ムッター）麦畑の精霊」が、５月から販売されている。
同研究所が育てた「ミカモゴールデン」という品種の大麦を使用。クラフトビール製造会社のサンクトガーレン有限会社（厚木市）で製造された。
同研究所は、小麦の遺伝子研究の先駆者で「ゲノム」の概念などを提唱した故木原均博士が１９４２年に創立。その後同大学に移管された。現在も木原博士の精神を継承し、様々な種類の小麦や大麦が栽培され、研究がなされている。
地域と交流しながらビールをつくることで、麦の魅力や大学の魅力を発信しようと始まったこのプロジェクト。かつて横浜は「相州小麦」の産地として栄えていたという歴史的な背景もふまえ、「横浜産の麦の復活」も狙っている。
「歴史に思いを馳せて」
今回のビールの名称は、ドイツの民間信仰に由来した。現地では精霊コルンムッター（麦の母）が、受粉を助ける風を送るといわれているという。そんな不思議な力を感じさせる「麦」の魅力を熱く語るのが、ビール造りに携わった同研究所の坂（ばん）智広教授だ。
「四大文明が生まれた背景にも、小麦の力が大きかった」と坂教授。小麦の栽培のために灌漑技術が発展し、さらに小麦の交換によって社会のルールや価値の概念、文字の発明にもつながっていったという。「このビールを飲みながら、麦の歴史や可能性に思いを馳せてほしい」と語る。
商品はサンクトガーレン有限会社のウェブサイト等で購入できる（【URL】http://sanktgallen.shop-pro.jp/?pid=116833686）。問い合わせは同大学地域貢献センター【電話】０４５・７８７・２２０５。

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横浜市中区の日本庭園「三渓園」で、竹とササの花が静かに咲いている。専門家によると、数十年ぶりの一斉開花とみられ、同園の職員、羽田（はだ）雄一郎さん（４１）も「一生に１度見られるかどうかの貴重な花で感動している」と語る。

同園によると、花が咲いたのは高さ５メートル前後のタイミンチクと同数十センチのオロシマササ。園内の計約２６０平方メートルに生え、４月下旬ごろから咲き始めた。いずれも枝の先に黄緑や茶色のイネのような花をつけている。６月上旬ごろまで見られそうだという。

横浜市立大の坂（ばん）智広教授（植物遺伝育種学）も「竹やササは、身近にあるけれど謎が多い植物。数十年ぶりに咲くという歴史と夢を感じてほしい」と話している。【杉山雄飛】

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世界有数の小麦研究機関で知られる横浜市立大の木原生物学研究所（横浜市戸塚区）が、オリジナルビール「ＫＯＲＮＭＵＴＴＥＲ（コルンムッター）麦畑の精霊」を完成させた。
研究所の畑で学生が無農薬で育てた大麦約６００キロを使い、神奈川県厚木市のクラフトビールメーカー「サンクトガーレン」に醸造・販売を委託。ラベルは麦色を基調に、品名をアルファベットであしらった。
品名の由来は、麦畑で受粉を助ける風を生むドイツの精霊。横浜育ちの麦が巻き起こす新しい風を期待し、坂（ばん）智広教授は「学生のように爽やかな味です」とＰＲ。【杉山雄飛】

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